Kuyini intuthuko? Izinhlobo ezihlukene, izibonelo intuthuko. Izimpumelelo kanye kuwukuphikisana intuthuko

Umqondo intuthuko eqhubekayo langena isayensi njengoba yezwe (zezwe) okufushane we ukholo lwamaKristu Providence. Umbono Future in zonke izindaba eziseBhayibhelini kuyinto inqubo okungenakuhlehliswa, sezizonke elingcwele yentuthuko abantu, eholwa intando yaphezulu. Nokho, umsuka lo mbono kutholakala ngisemncane kakhulu. Ngokulandelayo, ahlaziye, yini inqubekela, iyini injongo yaso nokubaluleka.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala

Ngaphambi Ungasho yini ukuthi le inqubekela kufanele akhiphe ndaba emfushane komlando ukuvela nokwanda lo mbono. Ikakhulukazi, isiko zefilosofi yesiGreki, kukhona i-agumenti ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe ekhona ziphenduke ezivela emphakathini zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo umndeni kuya Polis lasendulo, t. E. yedolobha isimo (-Aristotle, "Ezombusazwe," uPlato "Imithetho"). Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, Bacon wakuzama kanjani ukusebenzisa umqondo kanye nomqondo intuthuko emkhakheni ngemibono. Ngokusho kwakhe, ulwazi anqwabelene kanye lokudlula kwesikhathi ezingasho abasizakali ngcono. Ngakho, isizukulwane ngasinye uyakwazi ukubona udlulele phambili ungcono ezazingaphambi kwayo.

Kuyini intuthuko?

Leli gama linezincazelo izimpande lwesiLatini futhi lisho "impumelelo", "uqhubekela phambili." Inqubekela phambili isiqondiso ukuthuthukiswa uhlamvu ezithuthukayo. Le nqubo libhekene inguquko kusukela ephansi kuya ephakeme, kusukela ngaphansi ukuze neliphelele kunalelo. Inqubekela phambili umphakathi -, mkhuba emhlabeni ngokomlando global. Lokhu kuhilela emqansweni inhlangano womuntu kusukela savagery ithi bakudala kuya eziphakeme impucuko. Lolu shintsho esekelwe impumelelo zezombusazwe, zomthetho, kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi, ezesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe.

izingxenye ezisemqoka

Ezichazwe ngenhla, yini inqubekela, nalapho ngiqala ukukhuluma ngalokhu umqondo. Ngokulandelayo, sihlaziya izingxenye zalo. Ngokuhamba ekuthuthukiseni isandla elandelayo athuthukile:

• Material. Kulokhu sikhuluma ukwaneliseka okuphelele kakhulu bonke abantu nokuqedwa noma iyiphi imikhawulo yobuchwepheshe salokhu.
• Uphiko nomphakathi. Lapha sikhuluma inqubo isilinganiselo umphakathi ebulungisweni kanye nenkululeko.
• Isayensi. Le ngxenye ibonisa inqubo eqhubekayo, ushona ube banzi ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba, ukukhula kwawo kuzo zombili micro- futhi macrospheres; ukukhululwa imingcele ulwazi abheke ukuthi kungenzeka kwezomnotho.

isikhathi esisha

Ngalesi sikhathi, saqala ukuba ngiziqonde amabutho ukushayela kwenchubekelembili ekwenteni isayensi. Imibono yabo ku inqubo esashiwo G. Spencer. Ngokusho kwakhe, intuthuko - kokubili semvelo nesomphakathi - ukulalela lo jikelele isimiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njalo okwandisa yinkimbinkimbi futhi ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwenhlangano. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intuthuko waqala kubhekwe ngesimo izincwadi, umlando jikelele. It yaqashelwa nemisebenzi yobuciko. Impucuko ezahlukene kube ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle. Ama-oda, okuyinto, saholela ezahlukene intuthuko. okubizwa ngokuthi yi- "isitebhisi" kwamiswa. Ngezinye phezulu balo bengabadlali imiphakathi amaningi asethuthukile futhi eziphucuzekile West. Ngokulandelayo, emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko babe nezinye izitshalo. Distribution kwakuxhomeke ezingeni yentuthuko. Kuvele "westernization" umqondo. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona izinhlobo ezinjalo intuthuko ngokuthi "amerikotsentrizm" futhi "Eurocentrism".

Contemporary

Phakathi nale nkathi, indzima lebalulekile okunikezwe umuntu. Weber kugcizelelwe isimo Lokuhlatiywa uhlamvu jikelele ekuphathweni ezihlukahlukene izinqubo nomphakathi. Durkheim ikhombe nezinye izibonelo intuthuko. Wakhuluma yezenhlalakahle ukuhlanganiswa Amathrendi ngokusebenzisa "ubumbano organic". Yayisekelwe complementarity futhi umnikelo letihlomulisa of bonke abanye abantu emphakathini.

Umqondo classical

19-20 eminyaka ukubizwa ngokuthi 'ngokunqoba umbono. " Nakuba inkolelo jikelele ukuthi intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe uyakwazi ukunikeza yibhange eragela nokuphakama kwezindleko zokuphila, ephelezelwa umoya wokuzethemba romantic. Ngokuvamile, emphakathini kukhona umqondo classic. Kwaba umbono sokulindela okuhle wenkululeko kancane kancane lwesintu ekwesabeni nokungazi endleleni eya amazinga sangempela nangaphezulu impucuko. Umqondo classical kusekelwe embonweni ka komugqa isikhathi engelapheki. Kukhona inqubekela omuhle libhekene nomahluko phakathi kwesikhathi samanje nesizayo noma ngesikhathi esedlule nesamanje.

Imigomo Nezindlela Izinhloso

Kwakuthinta babecabanga ukuthi ukunyakaza echazwe ngeke njalo baqhubeke, hhayi kuphela esikhathini samanje kodwa esikhathini esizayo, naphezu ukwahluka okungahleliwe. yayisetshenziswa kabanzi sasithonya uquqaba eqiniseka ukuthi inqubekela phambili kungenzeka ukulondoloza kuzo zonke izigaba, ngamunye isakhiwo eyinhloko umphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, sonke kwadingeka ukufinyelela ekuchumeni okuphelele.

Lezi zindlela eziyinhloko

Phakathi kwabo kukhona zazivame ukuhlangabeza:

• Ukuthuthukiswa sezenkolo (J. Buse, u-Augustine).
• Ukwanda kolwazi lwesayensi (Comté, D. Vico, zh. A. Kondorse).
• Ukulingana kanye nobulungiswa benhlalo (Marx, T. Campanella, T. Moore).
• Ukunwetshwa kwabantu inkululeko yabo kuhlangene ukuthuthukiswa zokuziphatha (Durkheim, Kant).
• Ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha kwezimboni, ubuchwepheshe ngcono (KA-Saint-Simon).
• Domination phezu emvelo (Herbert Spencer).

intuthuko eziphikisanayo

Ukungabaza wokuqala mayelana nokushaya khona umqondo waqala ukukhuluma ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. intuthuko eziphikisanayo sasihlanganisa ukuvela imibono mayelana negative side effects phakathi ukuthuthukiswa umphakathi. Omunye ukugxekwa lokuqala eyenziwe F. Tennis. Wayekholelwa ukuthi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle bendabuko ukuze yesimanje, zezimboni, hhayi kuphela ayilithuthukisanga, kodwa kunalokho saba sibi kakhulu izimo zokuphila zabantu. Primary, ngokushesha, siqu ukuxhumana nomphakathi we ukuxhumana yendabuko abantu kwathathelwa indawo engaqondile, engenabuntu, yesibili, oxhumana luyingxenye wezinsimbi esivela ezweni lanamuhla. Lokhu, ngokusho ithenisi, yayiyini inkinga eyinhloko intuthuko.

ukugxekwa obandayo

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwabaningi buye baba sobala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwelinye sphere has nemiphumela engemihle kwenye. Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha zesayensi kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ephelezelwa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Lokho kubanika, sokucasuka i zezinhlekelele. Kukhona umbono omusha. Umdlandla isintu kudingeka intuthuko eqhubekayo kwezomnotho, salandelwa umbono ehlukile "imikhawulo ukukhula".

ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke

Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi lapho kusondela emazweni ahlukahlukene ukusetshenziswa ukuze zesiLungu, iplanethi kungaba qhumisa sindisa semvelo. Umqondo "segolide bhiliyoni", ngokusho khona evikelekile emhlabeni kuqinisekisiwe ukuthola abantu 1 billion emazweni acebile kuphela, kubukela ngokuphelele wumgomo emaphakathi eziphase umqondo zasendulo intuthuko - orientation lekusasa elingcono ngoba bonke bayaphila abantu ngothi lwabo. Inkolelo e ukuphakama indlela yokuthuthuka, owawungumnyaka impucuko yaseNtshonalanga, owawengame isikhathi eside, esikhundleni ukudumala.

umbono nakancane

Le ndlela yokucabanga ivezwa ukumelwa ephelele yengxoxo kakhulu umphakathi kakhulu. Kuleli ukucabanga nakancane Ngicabanga buhlungu enamandla. Umthetho wokugcina imizamo nokuqalisa lolu hlobo bebona izwe isibe uhlelo sezenhlalo emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isintu kulesi sigaba akusiyo kumaphrojekthi isitokwe, "okwaziyo yekwatisa sihlangene, isenzo jikelele, athumba abantu bacabanga," okungase Orient umphakathi lekusasa eliqhakazile (lokhu indima kakhulu ngempumelelo ababulawa imibono zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni). Kunalokho, namuhla kukhona noma extrapolation okulula mikhuba, noma iziprofetho inhlekelele.

Ukucabanga ngekusasa

Ukuthuthukiswa imibono mayelana nemicimbi ezayo okwamanje ngezindlela ezimbili. Esimweni sokuqala it is yokungabaza kunqunywa uye ixazululwe, lapho izithombe zibhekwa emnyama ukwehla, ekubhujisweni ukonakala. Ngenxa ukukhungatheka e rationalism kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe yaqala ukusakaza nezimfihlakalo futhi irrationality. Isizathu kanye nengqondo kwale noma ukuthi sphere ziya ngokuya abaphikisa imizwa, umuzwa, bezibona enganakile. Kusolakala eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma olukhulu postmodernist ziye zanyamalala nenqubo esinokwethenjelwa isiko yesimanje lapho inganekwane yayihlukile kuleyo yasekuqaleni ngokoqobo, ugly kusukela enhle, ubuhle kusuka okuphambene. Konke lokhu kukhomba yokuthi inkathi "inkululeko esiphezulu" kusukela ukuziphatha, amasiko, inqubekela-phambili ekupheleni. Ohlangothini umbono yokusesha asebenzayo imiqondo emisha yentuthuko ukuthi anganika abantu isiqondiso esihle kuwo esikhathini esizako, ukuba asindise isintu ukukhohlisa okungenasisekelo yesibili. imibono Postmodern ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe aliwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kule nguqulo yendabuko nge finalism, Ukumiselwa futhi Determinism. Iningi lazo ayethanda kwamanye izibonelo intuthuko - ezinye izindlela probabilistic ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi kanye namasiko. Ezinye theorists (Buckley, Archer, Etzioni, Wallerstein, Nisbet) e imibono yabo ukuhumusha umqondo njengoba ithuba kungenzeka ukuqala ngcono ukuthi kungaba nge okungenzeka ezithile zenzeka noma kungenzeka engabonwa.

constructivism isimiso

Kusukela ukuhlukahluka izindlela umqondo wakhonza njengephayona isisekelo ezincwadini postmodernism. Inselele obhekene nayo iwukuba ukuthi ukuphila kwansuku zonke evamile abantu ukuthola amabutho ukushayela yenqubekela phambili. Ngokusho K. Lash, puzzle isixazululo inikeza isiqiniseko sokuthi kuphela ngenxa yemizamo yabantu singenzeka ngcono. Kungenjalo, umsebenzi kumane unsolvable.

imiqondo ehlukile

Bonke livele ku-mbono yokuziphendukela umsebenzi, kunalokho abstract. Alternative imiqondo zivusa "wonke umuntu" ngaphandle kokukubonisa isithakazelo esikhethekile Emasiko futhi civilizational. Kulokhu, eqinisweni, kubonakala uhlobo olusha utopias nomphakathi. Kuyinto ukumodeliswa cybernetic zesiko nezenhlalakahle ukuze ekahle, ayebheka ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu umsebenzi womuntu. Lezi imiqondo phinda isiqondiso esihle, inkolelo ethile e amathuba intuthuko eqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babiza (nakuba ezingeni theory kakhulu) imithombo nemibandela ezikhulayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imiqondo okunye uphendula umbuzo oyisisekelo musa: kungani isintu, 'akhululeke "futhi" inkululeko ngoba ", kwezinye izimo ekhetha intuthuko futhi ulwela ukuba' elisha, esebenzayo umphakathi", kodwa ngokuvamile ireferensi baziphatha nokubhujiswa lowo yena, kuholela yokujama tsi futhi ukuhlehla. Ngokusekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsebenzi, akumananga wagomela ukuthi umphakathi kudingeka uthuthuke. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi akunakwenzeka ukufakazela noma ungafuni isintu ukuba uqaphele ikhono layo zokudala esikhathini esizayo. Izimpendulo zale mibuzo azikho futhi cybernetics futhi izinhlelo theory. Nokho, bahlolisisa ngokuningiliziwe inkolo namasiko. Kule ndaba, njengoba elinye ithuba imfundiso yokuziphendukela constructivist ka yesimanjemanje kuyaqhubeka namuhla ingaba etikotsentrizm sociocultural.

Ekuphetheni

Modern zefilosofi Russian ngokwethukela kubuyela "Isiliva Age". Ebhekisele kulesi ifa, basuke uzame ukuzwa yokuqala kazwelonke isiko isigqi, uthumele ukuba ngolimi lwesayensi okunzima. Ngokusho Panarin, biomorphic isakhiwo ulwazi ikhombisa indoda isithombe yonke njengoba ephilayo, ubuqotho organic. isikhala sakhe ongenza e abantu yisisusa lesezingeni lelisetulu aluhambelani kokunganaki umthengi ubugovu. Namuhla, kusobala ukuthi kuyacaca ukuthi isayensi yesimanje yezenhlalakahle kudinga wokubuyekeza ezibucayi ekhona imihlahlandlela, izinto eziza kuqala kanye namagugu. Kungase ukuphakamisa izinkomba elisha umuntu, uma, kwakuzokwenza thola uqine ngokwanele ukuze uwasebenzise.