Kuyini Cultural? Ukuxhumana Cultural Studies ne neminye imikhakha yesayensi

Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda ukuthi izifundo zamasiko ukuthi uhlola isayensi, okuyinto zihlukaniswa ezihlukahlukene zalo futhi yiziphi ezinye eyala ke baxhumana. Konke lokhu sizobheka ngokuningiliziwe. Okokuqala kubalulekile ukuthola ncamashí ukuhlelwa, ukuthi kubaluleke sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo umqondo. Cultural - a term kwakhiwa kusuka la mazwi lasendulo: "cultura" (igama lesiLatin, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukutshalwa") futhi "logo" (ngesiGreki, "yokufundisa"). It kuvela ukuthi isayensi isiko. Nokho, zonke akulula njengoba kubonakala efika kuqala. Igama elithi "isiko" inezincazelo eziningi. Lokhu kufanele kubhekwe ukuze anikeze impendulo ephelele yalo mbuzo othi: "Kuyini izifundo zamasiko"

Liyini isiko?

Esikhathini "Dictionary" Adelunga 1793 lo mqondo ithuthukela zonke izimfanelo zokuziphatha nasekufakeni bokusungula abantu noma umuntu. J. umalusi wamnika inani namanani ahlukene. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ikhono ukuhlola emazweni amasha, izilwane ezifuywayo; ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba, yezandla, ubuciko, wesayensi, kanye nabanye. Imisebenzi umalusi ngokuvamile uqondane umbono Kant sika, okuthiwa ashiwo impumelelo isiko nge ukuthuthukiswa engqondweni. Kant babekholelwa ukuthi ukusungulwa ukuthula endaweni yonke awukho umgomo odlula wafuna yi isintu.

Kazwelonke kanye World Culture

Isiko uhlelo lokuhweba. Kungaba ingahlukaniswa eduze yenethiwekhi. Engayodwa, kuye ngokuthi lokhu, isiko kazwelonke futhi izwe. Izwe kuyinto kwezici impumelelo best of the ezahlukene namasiko kazwelonke futhi izizwe ezihlala kule planethi yethu.

National yena, kuyinto zamagama abanamasiko amaqembu omphakathi, amakilasi kanye amaqembu umphakathi. okwakhe zayo, okwakhe kanye ubunjalo kubonakala kokubili yomoya (ulimi, inkolo, ezobuciko, umculo, izincwadi), kanye impahla (isiko ukukhiqizwa futhi zabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi izindlu).

isiko ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama

Izimo futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izizukulwane nezinhlobo. Isisekelo yilesi sigaba - ezihlukahlukene yezenzo zesintu. Kukhona isiko ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama. Nokho, lokhu kuqhekeka ngokuvamile kabi amandla akhe, kusukela empeleni vzaimopronikaemy futhi kuhlobene. Abanye ochwepheshe kwamasiko abakholelwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zama isiko ezihlobene kuphela impahla okungalungile nezingokomoya. Bona kuyovama kubo bonke uhlelo lwayo. Lokhu tebuciko, emvelweni, zezombangazwe, isiko kwezomnotho.

Amasiko Humanism

Isiko ngokomlando zihlotshaniswa nobuntu, njengoba isisekelo sakhe - isilinganiso nokuthuthuka komuntu. Ngiphakathi okutholwe yisayensi noma yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe musa ukuziveza ezingeni kwamasiko yomphakathi, uma kuba khona esintwini. Ngakho-ke, humanization emphakathini kuyinto ngesilinganiso yayo. Inhloso isiko kubhekwe njengento wonke-round ukuthuthukiswa yomuntu.

imisebenzi yamasiko

Belapho okuningi, thina uhlu kuphela ayinhloko. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kuyinto neyobuntu noma indoda-creative. Zonke ezinye imisebenzi ngandlela-thile ehlangene nakho. Ungase uthi ngisho ukuthi balinikwe kuwo.

Umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke isiko nokudluliswa nakho komphakathi. Ibizwa nangokuthi ulwazi, noma umsebenzi phambili zomlando. Culture kuyinto isimiso uphawu - mshini kuphela okuyinto nakho komphakathi wesintu basukile isimo eyodwa kuya kwenye, yobudala kuya ngobudala, ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngakho kungazenzakalelanga ngokuthi inkumbulo nomphakathi wesintu sonke. Uma sinqamukile embili, izizukulwane ezintsha abasoze ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo nomphakathi.

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile isiko - epistemological (engqondweni yethu). Lomsebenzi esihlobene kuqala. Isiko ibheka isipiliyoni ezizukulwane eziningi, efaka ulwazi zezwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe isimo sokuthuthuka futhi cognition.

Regulatory (zokulawula) umsebenzi ihlobene kwencazelo izinhlobo ezahlukene amaqembu nemisebenzi siqu nezenhlalakahle yabantu. Isiko kuthinta ukuziphatha umuntu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, umsebenzi, ubudlelwane obufanele. It ulawula izenzo nokuziphatha kwabantu, ngisho ezihlukahlukene amagugu ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi zokulawula kusekelwe emthethweni nokuziphatha njengoba ohlelweni zokulawula.

Ngena ngemvume (semiotic) - omunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Culture - uhlelo uphawu. It kusikisela ulwazi ke, yayo phezu. Kahle impumelelo yayo awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela ukutadisha izinhlelo uphawu.

Axiological (bamanani) umsebenzi nakho kubalulekile kakhulu. Culture kuyinto isimiso amagugu. It yakha kubantu axiological ezithile ukujayeza nokubukela. Ngokusho izinga labo izinga futhi sivame kwahlulela abantu bazo isiko. okuqukethwe Intelligent futhi zokuziphatha ngokuvamile yiyona nokuhlola nombandela.

Ukuvela izifundo zamasiko

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umqondo welithi "izifundo zamasiko" esanda kutholakala, ngasekupheleni kwawo-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Abacwaningi baye baqala ukuyisebenzisa kanye into eyodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, E. B. Taylor, oyisazi English ethnographer, wanika isihloko ezilandelayo ngesahluko sokuqala sencwadi yakhe, ayeyibhale 1871 ( "Isiko lwasekuqaleni"): ". Isayensi namasiko" A V F. Ostvald, a German sefilosofi, isazi sesayensi yemvelo wemithi, ngo-1915 "Isayensi System" okuhlongozwayo ukubiza iqoqo ucwaningo kanye umkhakha ulwazi ezindleleni zokusebenza ukuthi kukhona ngqo komuntu, "izifundo zamasiko", noma "isayensi impucuko."

Lokhu isayensi emlandweni walo iDemo Useke wadlula izigaba eziningana e lasungulwa nokuthuthukiswa. Umlando izifundo zamasiko siphawula ukusungulwa eziningana izindlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqokomisa onobuhle eziningi futhi ezahlukeneyo. Namuhla siyazi izindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo lapho isayensi kunqunywa izifundo zamasiko. Chaza kafushane ngamunye wabo.

izindlela ezintathu

Okokuqala, iqoqo eyala ukuthi ukufunda isiko. Okwesibili, isigaba ekhethekile eyala zenhlalo-zezenhlalakahle. Ngalo mqondo, lokhu isayensi ekuhloleni isiko kusekelwe izindlela zabo (isibonelo, ifilosofi isiko nefilosofi). Okwesithathu, kuba isiyalo ezimele yezesayensi, esesikhundleni azifani.

Thina iyohlola isihloko futhi into izifundo zamasiko kusuka isikhundla indlela yokugcina.

Into futhi isihloko Cultural Studies

Into isayensi - iqoqo othize izinga izinqubo kanye izenzakalo engokoqobo, e izici zako ezisemqoka, ubunjalo kwangaphakathi, imithetho ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenza kakhulu ihluke kwezinye izinto lokhu ngokoqobo. Isihloko isithakazelo uzwakalise lososayensi ekuhloleni angomunye ngokoqobo. Kuyacaca ukuthi isiko ingaba njengesihluthulelo isihloko futhi into cwaningo. Njengoba into kubhekwa ngomqondo obanzi izwi. Kule ngombono, ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi iqoqo ngezindlela ezahlukene imisebenzi yabantu, okuyinto adluliswa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane vnebiologicheski (imfundo nokuqeqeshwa). Lokhu into ehambisana izifundo zamasiko, hhayi kuphela kuye kodwa futhi emikhakheni yesayensi ezehlukene emphakathini futhi humanities.

Ngokuqondene nale ndaba, khona-ke ezincwadini Russian kukhona 2 zemibono. Eyokuqala ukuthi isiko 'ngomqondo emincane izwi. " isithakazelo Ucwaningo kulesi simo siqondiswe izinto ezilandelayo jikelele umsebenzi womuntu:

- ongokomfanekiso, uhlelo semiotic (BA Uspensky, Yu M. Lotman.);

- efanayo phakathi amathuluzi nokuqonda isenzo elakhiwa abantu abaningi, okungukuthi, yamazinga zemiphakathi (A. Ya Flier.);

- iqoqo nezincazelo kanye namanani (AA Radugin, NS Chavchavadze).

Ukuba nombono sesibili sihlobene Leningrad School (Ikonnikova, Kagan, Bol'shakov et al.). Ngokusho kwakhe, ngoba izifundo zamasiko kubalulekile ekuhloleni isiko akuyona njengoba kubalulekile ukucabangela yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukucabangela ke njengoba lonke uhlelo.

Model (zinhlobo) Izifundo Cultural

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nobunzima ekutholeni into futhi into yokufunda izifundo zamasiko uvuke ngokucacile isiko, okuyinto isixhumanisi phakathi komuntu emzungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyindlela olukhethekile khona esivela umphakathi kanye ngabanye. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo wafunda ngezindlela ezahlukene, isb sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Namuhla kukhona onobuhle eziningi izifundo zamasiko, kodwa isayensi olulodwa akakadali. Letindlela zisekelwe izindlela ezahlukene kanye nezindlela ekutadisheni isiko. Bangakwazi kuyehla kube izinhlobo ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo. In ngamunye wabo ukhuluma nezindaba ezithile izifundo zamasiko. Kafushane elichaza ngamunye wabo.

nefilosofi Cultural ichaza okushiwo isiko, ukuthi lihluke kanjani nemvelo. Umsebenzi main kuba ukuchaza nokuqonda ke ngokuhlaziya izici eziphawuleka kakhulu futhi ezivamile ke. Into ezifundwa imodeli indima, imisebenzi kanye isakhiwo isiko emphilweni umphakathi kanye ngabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, libonisa ukuthi izitayela ukuvela isiko. Ekugcineni, le oyisibonelo ubonisa izizathu lalichumile futhi esibucayi, nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi.

Uyini umlando izifundo zamasiko? Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi kusinika ulwazi isiko emhlanganweni nenkathi ethize yomlando. Nokho, nendaba yakhona Kuthi ebanzi. Kuyinto yesifunda, kazwelonke, isiko global noma okuhlobene enkathini ethile. Le modeli uthi amaqiniso, uchaza izinhlobo zako kanye nemicimbi kulo, kuyilapho egcizelela impumelelo evelele kunazo zonke esintwini. Lawa imisebenzi eyinhloko izifundo zamasiko zomlando.

Sesihlole hhayi wonke amamodeli (ezahlukeneyo). Lokho study kwamasiko izifundo kwabantu? Ibheka uhlelo ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile namasiko futhi izinqubo ezenzeka emphakathini. Le modeli study ukusebenza umphakathi isiko iyonke. Kodwa hhayi kuphela ukuthi. Izifundo Cultural Izinjongo lwezenhlalo zihlanganisa ukutadisha nemikhutshana kuleso ngabanye.

Thina uqhubekele cabanga imodeli esilandelayo. Kuyadingeka ukuba atshele, nokuthi izifundo psychoanalytic izifundo zamasiko. It ihlola inkinga zobuntu, okuyinto uba umthengi futhi umdali impumelelo impucuko. kuncike Its izici ngazinye maqondana somuntu isiko, ubunjalo ukuziphatha kwakhe ngokomoya.

Ethnological (yisho uhlanga lwakho) izifundo zamasiko uhlola amasiko nemikhuba, amasiko, izinkolelo nezinganekwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena onesithakazelo ngendlela zangaphambi zezimboni wokuphila, imiphakathi yendabuko kanye abantu zakudala.

philological Cultural sekuyisikhathi utadisha isiko kazwelonke ngokusebenzisa ubuciko bomlomo, izincwadi nolimi.

Sichaza kuphela zinhlobo zalo eziyisisekelo noma imodeli. Umbuzo: "Uyini izifundo zamasiko?" Saphendula. We bakutshele manje ukuthi, nabanye eyala nesayensi ke baxhumana.

Ukuxoxa eyala zenhlalo-zezenhlalakahle

Isiko ibizwa ngokuthi "yizenzo". Le nkulumo kungokwalabo Democritus, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u lasendulo. Culture is hhayi ngofuzo yesayensi, kodwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa imfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, isingeniso ke. Cabanga indlela izithakazelo isayensi baxhumana nezinye izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi zezenhlalakahle. Bonke zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili elandelayo:

- labo isayensi into okuyinto lwabelwe ngokuhambisana uhlobo imisebenzi ezikhethekile (ngokwesibonelo, imfundo, izifundo zenkolo, ubuciko izifundo, wezifundo zezombusazwe, njll isayensi kwezomnotho.);

- yezinto izici jikelele umsebenzi womuntu (lwezenhlalo, ngokwengqondo, zomlando, kanye nabanye.).

Ukuthuthukiswa izifundo zamasiko senzeka ngokuhlanganyela neqembu lokuqala. Lapha sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo isayensi ukhonza njengomdala kwenkululeko zamagama imikhakha eyahlukene. Wayezibuza ukuthi abanye amaphethini ajwayelekile ukuthuthukiswa ingatholakala kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho, inkolo kanye nezinye zokukhulekela. Ngokusebenzisa ukusebenzisana neqembu lesibili lwabelwe inqubo ethize kwamasiko engasetshenziswa phakathi kwelithile humanities kanye nephrofayili nomphakathi.

Ukuxoxa umlando, ethnography imivubukulo nefilosofi

Sula ubuhlobo isayensi nomlando. Ngiphakathi ebhukwinitifundvo eyodwa umlando kuqedile ngaphandle indaba impumelelo yamasiko isikhathi, mayelana empilweni yamasiko abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Thina sinesithakazelo isayensi uphathelene ethnography, waziphatha ucwaningo izici zamasiko nendlu bezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Archaeology of mabhodi ehlala yokuphila komuntu ukutadisha umlando umphakathi. Kodwa ipumelelo isiko - amagugu ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama.

izindlela Archaeological uvumele ukufunda ipumelelo zezizwe ezihlukahlukene futhi nangenkathi. Philosophy nayo ezihlobene izifundo zamasiko. Kuyinto ithuluzi yolwazi, ukuqagela, incazelo, wasebenzisa ithiyori yakhe. izifundo Cultural, kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi, ifilosofi kuyadingeka, phezu kwayo yonke amagatsha yolwazi. Kuyasiza ukuba baqonde okushiwo impucuko, ukuhlola inkampani kanye nezinga ukuthuthukiswa isiko kusuka engela ezithile.

Ngakho savula esibekiwe indaba ephathwayo. Ekuphetheni, siye sinezele ukuthi namuhla ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni izifundo zamasiko. Amanyuvesi ukunikela abafundi ukuqeqeshwa kule ndawo. Nakuba ochwepheshe emkhakheni ukufunwa ungathandi, bathi, emkhakheni kwezomnotho, abaningi abasanda kuphothula umatikuletsheni ucabangela kokuqondisa 'izifundo zamasiko "njengento yokuqala.