Isiko lwasekuqaleni. Izici isiko bakudala

Isiko lwasekuqaleni kuyinto uhlobo kakhulu lasendulo impucuko ichaza ukuphila kwabantu phakathi nawo wonke umlando. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izazi zanamuhla aye izinto eziningi zobuciko ezahlukene evumela ukwazi inkathi okungenzeka umbhalo waqedwa ngokubukeka kwabo, ungakakwazi ukucacisa Uhlaka nesikhathi khona caveman. Yini eyaziwayo ukuthi inkathi kubhekwa isikhathi eside, kusukela kwezinye izizwe namanje bahlala oda ezifanele. Ziyakwazi ezivamile-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika.

imithi

Phakathi kwazo zonke nolwazi ongalusebenzisa wezokwelapha, Isimanga siwukuthi, kwaba endaweni kuqala lapho caveman yabhekisela yakhe. Lokhu kuboniswa eqoshwe emadwaleni, esibonisa izilwane ezihlukahlukene ne Ukuklanywa komzimba, amathambo, indawo izitho zangaphakathi nokunye. Ngo inqubo ukufuywa kwamakamela izinkomo lolu lwazi esetshenziswa ekwelashweni noma, isibonelo, uma ukupheka.

Mayelana nokusebenzisa imithi ngenjongo nokuvuselelwa abantu, kukhona isiko yomuntu bakudala akavunyelwe ukwenza lokhu kuze Mesolithic. Emathuneni asendulo abonisa ukuthi ngisho ngaleso sikhathi ngaba nethuba ukusebenzisa Gypsum noma esitho ukunqunywa. Yiqiniso, umuntu kwasala. Kodwa abantu basendulo ayikwazanga attribute izenzo ezinjalo ukuze abafayo, umuthi babebonakala okuthile saphezulu. Ngakho-ke, zonke odokotela bebefanele kwabangcwele, baba Labelaphi netangoma ukukhiqiza zonke izinhlobo izinzuzo kanye nenhlonipho.

wezibalo

Lapho kwenkathi ka Paleolithic Cavemen waqala ukuthatha ilwazi leembalo. Basuke ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa ukwenza noma ukusatshalaliswa ukwabiwa kwezibophezelo. Ubufakazi balokhu, isibonelo, itholakala kulokho manje Czech Republic umkhonto, has 20 namantombazane, basakaza ngokulinganayo ibe izingxenye 4. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu kakade ukufeza arithmetic kakhulu elula.

Esikhathini Neolithic isiko nezakudala yokuthula ahlanganiswe nezinye ulwazi - geometry. umuntu Okokuqala udonsa emadwaleni noma imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ehlobene izibalo. Wabe wabe ukwakhiwa zokuhlala njalo ngamajamo weJiyomethri. Lo is impela a nethonya elihle induduzo zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

izinganekwane

Inganekwane e isiko bakudala isibe indlela ekuqondeni izwe, futhi uma aliveli, akunakwenzeka ukuba umuntu akhule ukuba wesimanje kwamasiko eziphakeme. Noma yisiphi isenzo, yemvelo noma sezulu, akuyona ziqondakala abantu ngokulandelana izinto, konke kwenzeka bekungelegolide ngomqondo imilingo. Kwakunzima ukuba ichaze, ngokwesibonelo, imvula evela Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, uma wahamba ke ngakho ngifuna ophakeme.

Izinganekwane babe okuthile okukhethekile umuntu lasekuqaleni. ngosizo lwabo yedwa owayengangena lapho ezingeni elilandelayo. Ezinganekwaneni lasendulo kwakukhona izici eziningana:

• Inganekwane yokuqala wasiza abantu bakwemukele eziningana izenzakalo zangaphandle, futhi zakhiwa izinhlangano ngekulandzelana abstract.
• Mythology kungasilahlekisela okuvela kuyo umcimbi.
• Izinganekwane musa nje kwenzeke. Bakhandwa ihlanganiswe ngesisekelo ngokomzwelo, isimo sezulu, zemvelo, kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye imithetho.
• Mythology isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kwaba uhlobo imfundiso yokuziphendukela amadlozi, okwasisiza ukuba asinde, ukudala induduzo noma ukuthola ukudla. Ngakho-ke, asikwazi ngokuthi isidalwa ngabanye, njalo inganekwane ubonakele ngenxa nakho esiwenza omunye emphakathini lasekuqaleni.
• Izinganekwane nomthelela inkulumo, hhayi ngaphandle kwabo kwakukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zobuciko.

Kancane kancane caveman ngabashiya lapho nise, base beza nasekutheni yiziphi izinkolelo kuqala. Ekuqaleni, zazifana each nye ngalesosikhathi kakhudlwana futhi abathile ngaphezulu.

Lesitshalo izinkolo bakudala

Zonke izici isiko bakudala akunalo kuphela izinkolelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izizwe sithole lemali edingekile esithile solwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho, ukuze bakwazi ukuthuthela isigaba esisha, esakhiwa ngo ukwakheka bezinkolo, lokuqala okwakukhona kakade kuleli Paleolithic. Ezinye izenzakalo ezenzeka kubantu, baye bafunda ukwazisa ukuchaza, kodwa abanye bezigqoke kubo ngoba uhlamvu imilingo. Khona-ke kukhona inkolelo yokuthi amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo kungathinta imiphumela yokuzingela nokulima noma kweminye imisebenzi ebalulekile.

isiko lwasekuqaleni yakhiwa izinkolo eziningana amelwe ethebuleni elingezansi.

Ngemva kwabo, kukhona inkolelo okuthiwa animism. Ngokusho kwakhe le ndoda ethanda umphefumulo wakhe. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, yena yandiza useshela "isitsha" entsha. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuvamile asikwazanga ukuthola igobolondo, bese-ke waqala casula nezihlobo zomufi njengoba ithongo.

Animism, singasho, kuyinto ukhokho wabo bonke izinkolo yesimanje, ngoba kukhona kuvele kwelizayo, noma yimuphi unkulunkulu ebusa phezu yonke imiphefumulo njengendlela igobolondo futhi ngaphandle kwalo, kanye emasikweni emingcwabo kuqala. Kuyinto nale nkolelo wahamba isiko Ningamuki kwabaphansi, futhi ahambe nabo bonke idumisa.

Ekuqaleni art etemibhalo

Uma sicabanga enkathini emikhulu efana, njengendlela isiko bakudala, kafushane, kuyoba nzima ukuthuthukisa ingqikithi yezincwadi isikhathi. Ukubukeka imisebenzi yakuqala awusakwazi ukulungiseka, ngoba kwakungekho lulimi ebhaliwe. Futhi kukhona yezinganekwane noma izinganekwane ahlukahlukene kungukuthi kungase kutholakale ngokwesayensi.

Nokho, uma ubheka kule migede imidwebo, kubonakala sengathi abantu baqonde ngokucacile lokho afuna ukudlulisela enzalweni yabo. Ngakho, kwakukhona legend pre sisekhanda lakhe. Kukholakala ukuthi ekuqaleni art etemibhalo avele ezikhathini komlando. ngokusebenzisa kuphela netindzaba temlomo wakwazi ukudlula lokhu noma lokhuya inganekwane esizukulwaneni esilandelayo.

zobuciko

Lwasekuqaleni art isiko uye savela ngokushesha ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubaluleka kwayo kwaba kunaleyo samanje. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abantu bese bengakwazi ukubhala futhi baveze yonke lokho akucabangayo ngamagama. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka kuphela zokuxhumana ayengakwenza ezobuciko kuphela. Ngosizo lwawo, ngasendleleni, kwakukhona ezihlukahlukene umzimba, kuhlanganise Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona imithi.

Kungenzeka ukuthi isiko bakudala akalithabathanga izithombe njengoba art. Ngosizo lwabo, abantu, isibonelo, kungenzeka sithole isibusiso sokuphila totem yakhe isilwane, esibonisa ke emizini yabo. Abazange ziye zaphawula indima amaphethini zokuhlobisa, futhi kubo kuphela ukudlulisela ulwazi, ukuze aveze ukholo lwabo nokunye.

Emiphakathini bakudala ngokuvamile ngesineke izilwane. Abantu ababoniswe evele ezahlukene izilwane noma izitho zabo. Iqiniso liwukuthi wonke impilo sikhathi kwakugxile ukuzingela. Futhi uma yabavukuzi umphakathi wayeka ningenisa umdlalo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu akwazi ukusinda.

Kukhona esinye isici of aqoshiwe. abaculi lwasekuqaleni akambonanga ngezabelo. Babekwazi ukudweba omkhulu bembuzi yasezintabeni, eduze okuyinto woolly amancane. Ukuqonda olinganise eyavela kamuva kakhulu futhi umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Futhi, izilwane ngabo kungavezwa ngezinga nokuma, zihlale motion (egijima noma agijima).

Ukuvela ababazi

Zonke ipumelelo isiko bakudala angabhekwa sakugcina kuqhathaniswa yokuthi sakwazi ukwenza netingcweti temsebenti. Abantu bangaleso sikhathi babeyibiza isinyathelo ndawonye, uma okuthile futhi aqeqeshiwe, abakwazanga ukuphuma emsebenzini omkhulu. Kodwa nge ekuqaleni ezolimo ishintshile, kwakukhona ababazi eyachitha konke ukuphila kwayo wahlanganyela eyodwa endabeni ethile, honing amakhono. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye nesijula bhila ekhishwe umdlalo wesibili, abanye abangu ezikhulileyo babephathwa wesine nokunye.

Kancane kancane, abantu baqala ukucabanga ukuthi cishe exchange. Umphakathi waqala ukuthatha ukuma ungathandi ngaphambili, lapho igazi izibopho kwakungamadodana umbandela eyinhloko yokuhlala. Abalimi wayeka inhlabathi evundile, izingalo abakhiqizi - eduze ngasezinkwalini bakudala noma ezimayini, ababumbi - ubumba lapho eqinile. Abazingeli futhi ungalokothi wahlala endaweni, abathuthela kulo, kuye ngokuthi abafuduki isilwane.

Ukuze ngamunye yale miphakathi, uthola lokho awunazo, abantu baqala ukushintsha izinto ezahlukene. Omunye wangitshela ezinye izitsha noma totem izintelezi, esikhundleni ukuthola imifino, abanye bawushintsha izibhamu zawo inyama. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu yini eyabangela ukwakhiwa kwemizi, ukwenziwa futhi kamuva - egcwele amazwe.

periodization

Zonke umphakathi bakudala sehlukaniswe nezikhathi eziningana. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesisekelo izinto asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izikhali nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Esokuqala futhi elide yobudala stone. It, zona futhi yahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana: Paleolithic, Mesolithic futhi Neolithic. Ngalesi sikhathi, umuntu ekubeni, abasafufusa ubuciko, izinganekwane, kukhiqizwa futhi amathuluzi ngcono.

Ngemva ukuthuthukiswa metal iphutha, isiko ikakhulukazi bakudala eziye zabhekana kwaba nenguquko ephawulekayo. Nge ukutholakala zethusi iqala eneolit noma uwanike ukozela amehlo mednokamenny. Manje abantu bafunde yezandla kanye nokwabelana, njengoba ukwelapha metal kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi kwakukhona kuphela labo kwadingeka isikhathi esanele ukuze amakhono azo athuthuke.

Ngemva kokuvula zethusi zethusi, empeleni displaces ithusi ngokushesha kakhulu firmer. Kufika Bronze Age. Kukhona umphakathi kuqala lapho kukhona ukwahlukana phakathi amakilasi, kodwa awukwazi baphikisa ngokuthi akwenzekanga ngaphambili. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi yakha kwemizi yokuqala futhi uthi.

Nge kokutholakala yensimbi nensimbi yobudala izakhiwo kwenzeka. Hhayi yonke imindeni sikhathi ongaveza futhi ukucubungula metal wathi, ngakho kwezinye izindawo ahambe ibanga elide sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ushayele inkathi bakudala, entsha, kodwa hhayi wonke States bakwazi ukujoyina ke.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi ngasinye nezikhathi ovunyelwe ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto ekukhiqizeni. Amagama abo etholwe kuphela ngokuhambisana predominance izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswe.

imicabango Common mayelana Taylor isiko bakudala

umnikelo omkhulu ulwazi lwamanje, yaletha ethnographer isiNgisi, ngubani yayinesithakazelo kakhulu isiko lasekuqaleni. Teylor E. B. wanyathelisa incwadi, echaza ngokuningiliziwe yonke imicabango yakhe, yebo, eqinisekisa amaqiniso yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, he was fike of ngowokuqala aveze yokuthi umphakathi isikhathi ziye zashintsha kakhulu kancane ngesizathu esisodwa esilula. Kuyinto ukungabi khona ulimi olubhalwayo. Kubantu, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqoqa futhi udlulise ulwazi njengoba kungenza umuntu okhona. Futhi wonke umuntu ayifunda into entsha ku nelwatinchanti lwabo, ngenhlanhla, ngokuvamile eziphindiwe umphakathi ezahlukene noma umphakathi.

Kukhona futhi ezinye ezicatshangwayo mayelana nokuthi kungani ngakho kancane isiko bakudala athuthukile. Taylor wasikisela ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokuntuleka lokubhala. Cavemen bafunda ukuphila isipiliyoni sabo ivame ebulalayo. Nokho, ngemva amaphutha esinjalo esidabukisayo umphakathi wonke uqala ukuqaphela ukuthi lo into ngeke kwenziwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba nomphumela ukuthuthukiswa imodeli decelerates, kuba ukuthi nje abantu besaba ukuzama ukwenza okuhlukile.

Izazi-mlando eziningi abanazo inkolelo yokuthi umphakathi bakudala kukhona ukwahlukana ku zomphakathi. Nokho, Taylor wacabanga ngenye indlela. Labo phelelisa ulwazi lwabo isiko, usesikhundleni esikhethekile emphakathini, ihlonishwe futhi ngokuvamile izipho servings extra ukudla noma izindlu mnandi futhi ephephile.

abadumile ukusebenza

Uma sicabanga ezifana okuqinisekile njengoba isiko bakudala, kafushane, singathatha njengesisekelo cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ekuqaleni yonke imiphakathi aseke wabonakala emhlabeni, ithuthukiswe ngendlela efanayo. Taylor "Isiko lwasekuqaleni" yakhe Wachaza izenzakalo eziningi isikhathi, futhi wonke amazwi, kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela, kungakhathaliseki bemivubukulo uthola noma ekuqaleni imibhalo basezinganekwaneni.

Ngokusho Tylor, isiko bakudala ezikhathini zanamuhla phansi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi namuhla bakholelwa ukuthi inkathi kwaba zasendle. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa ngokwengxenye kuphela. Uma okwamanje umuntu ucabangela cishe ngembazo abaziweyo, owasiza e ukuzingelwa omkhulukazi, njengoba umkhiqizo umthakathi bumbling, akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngalokho okwakuzokwenzeka, akazange athathe i umzingeli lasendulo lo mkhiqizo ezandleni zakho.

Isiko inkathi bakudala kwezinhloso zenzuzo ucwaningo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ososayensi abaningi ubheke ukunakwa ke yakho, kukhona isibalo esingapheliyo izinto yokuzamazama futhi unproven. Kukhona kuphela ezizathwini nemibono. Eqinisweni, akekho ongasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi lokhu noma lokhuya Umdwebo idwala lisho umcimbi othize noma isenzo. Prehistory njengoba ongaqondakali, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi angeke sachaza namuhla, ngisho ne yesimanje emiqondweni ekhaliphile ubuchwepheshe.