KobuHellenism - kuyinto ... Amasiko nefilosofi kwesikhathi yamaGreki

Kwabe sekuqala inkathi entsha emlandweni isiGreki sasiwulimi mashi empumalanga umbusi abadumile Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ngenxa yalokho yezimpi eziningi, kwakukhona umbuso omkhulu, owawuqala umngcele weGibhithe kuze kube yesimanje-Asia Ephakathi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi futhi inkathi kobuHellenism. Ngaphansi kufanele kusho ukusabalala isiko lamaGreki zonke ezindaweni yanqoba Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Yini esingayisho ngesimo kobuHellenism?

Ngenxa yokuthi kwakukhona ekubumbaneni abanamasiko isiGreki zendawo, kwakukhona kobuHellenism. Lo mphumela cross-kokukhulelwa ukulondolozwa isiko ezivamile ezifundazweni eziningana ngemva kokuwa kwalo mbuso.

Asho a kobuHellenism? Kufanele kuqashelwe ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuthi kuyinto enobudlova, njengoba kusaqhuba lokhu isiko kwaba ngenxa yezimpi eziningi. KobuHellenism nomthelela ubunye neGrisi ne asendulo aseMpumalanga ngaphambi kokuba savela bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka isimo sibe namandla ngawo isakhiwo esisodwa izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, isimiso sezombangazwe namasiko.

Njengoba sekushiwo, kobuHellenism - uhlobo zamagama izakhi ezihlukene. Kungaba ibhekwe kusuka izikhundla eziningana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvela kobuHellenism ukuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa umphakathi isiGreki ngesiGreki Polis crisis. Ngakolunye, e lasungulwa abadlale indima imiphakathi lasendulo Oriental, okungukuthi isakhiwo yabo ngoludala futhi sedentary nomphakathi.

Izizathu ezathonya ukuvela kobuHellenism

Isidingo ekubumbaneni abanamasiko eziningana wasuka iqiniso lokuthi Polis yamaGreki aqala ukuba kancane kancane ukubambezela yonke intuthuko zomlando, kokuba ukhathele wonke amathuba ayo. Yingakho lesi sifo baqala ukuvela phakathi kwama-class ehlukene, umzabalazo social phakathi oligarchy kanye nentando yeningi. Ukuhlukana okubangelwa impi ephakathi kwamadolobha ngabanye. Futhi ngakho umlando isimo akayekile, kwakudingekile ukuba babe nobunye izinhlangothi ezilwayo.

Nokho, lokhu akukhona ukuphela kwesizathu ukuvela nesiko elisha. isikhathi yamaGreki kwavela ngokuqondene inhlekelele yama-zezombusazwe Oriental lasendulo. Esikhathini BC IV ekhulwini izwe Oriental lasendulo, okuyinto vele uye waba yingxenye uMbuso WasePheresiya, kwadingeka hhayi isikhathi esingcono kakhulu. Ngenxa umnotho amile ayikwazanga balukhulume izwe uncultivated enkulukazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhosi asePheresiya enganikanga imvume ukuze kwakhiwe imizi emisha, akazange ayisekele nendlela ukuhweba futhi awuzange ungivumele ukuba ujike inothile exchange angaphandle metal elele ezindlini zabo. Futhi uma Greece e-BC IV ekhulwini yayizwa ubuhlungu phakathi iphutha umsebenzi ngokweqile isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona, Ukuminyana futhi ezintulayo, isimo reverse kwaphawuleka kule ohlanga WasePheresiya.

Kule ndaba, kube nephutha inhlangano eyinqaba, synthesis izinhlelo ezahlukene ezingasetshenziswa umphelelisi nomunye. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho kwakudingeka ukuba isiko ezifana kobuHellenism. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva kokuwa amandla eyakhelwe Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Ukuhlanganisa izakhi ezahlukene

Yiziphi izici zokuphila embozwe izingxenye zamagama esivela uthi isiGreki empumalanga? Kukhona imibono eyahlukene. Abanye ososayensi ngaphansi kobuHellenism waqonda ukuhlanganisa izakhi eziningana sici isiko nenkolo. mlando Domestic we ekubumbaneni echazwe ngokombono inhlanganisela kanye nokuxhumana kwezomnotho, ekilasini, kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe nezamasiko sphere. Ngokusho kwabo, kobuHellenism - kuyisinyathelo lesichubekako, okuyinto owaba nethonya elikhulu isiphetho imiphakathi Eastern isiGreki lasendulo.

I synthesis izakhi ezindaweni ezahlukene wathuthuka ngendlela ehlukile. Kwezinye izifundazwe kwakushuba kwabanye - kancane. Kwamanye amadolobha, indima ebalulekile ngabelwa izakhi esivela isiko lamaGreki elanqoba nezinye esaseMpumalanga lasendulo. Umehluko onjalo iphakame mayelana nesigameko izici ezithile zomlando imiphakathi kanye nemizi.

Ukuthuthukisa Hellenic Umphakathi

isikhathi yamaGreki okuye kwathinta ezahlukene usayizi imfundo yomphakathi, kusukela yeSisili eningizimu ye-Italy, futhi liphetha ngamazwi enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya (kusukela imingcele aseningizimu ne-Aral Sea futhi kuya cataract lokuqala loMfula iNayile). Ngamanye amazwi, njengengxenye umphakathi yamaGreki babe Greece classical naseMpumalanga. Ezingafakwanga endaweni, kuphela ngaphandle kwelaseNdiya neChina.

izifunda eziningana ungabahlukanisa, izimpawu izici ezivamile:

1. Egypt naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
2. Middle East.
3. Balkan Greece, engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Asia Minor, eMakedoniya.
4. Greece Omkhulu kusukela esifundeni Black Sea.

Izakhi kakhulu isici esingokwemvelo kobuHellenism, waba ibe seyisebenza ngokugcwele eGibhithe naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kule ndaba, kulezi zifunda kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha endaweni owawengame kobuHellenism classical.

Greece, efana nezinye izifunda, kwadingeka ikakhulukazi umehluko emikhakheni izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko. Singasho ukuthi eGrisi lasendulo zamagama futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikho. Nokho, ngasizathu simbe ke umangalele ukuthi lezi zindawo baba ohlelweni yamaGreki yezwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa amasiko isayensi

isiko yamaGreki ukuthonywa ukunyamalala nobuntu kwesikhathi classical, igebe phakathi kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi, theory kanye umkhuba. Lokhu kungabonakala ngemisebenzi Archimedes, owathola umthetho wokubacindezela. Yenze iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe by ukuklama futha isikulufa futhi ukulwa izihlilingi ngezibhamu ukuzivikela.

Ukudalwa emadolobheni ezintsha kanye intuthuko ezindaweni ezifana navigation nobuchwepheshe ezempi, baye zaba nengxenye ekwandiseni ezinye izinhlobo zesayensi. Kulawa, izibalo kungenziwa isehlane, omakhenikha, ukufunda izinkanyezi, geography. indima ebalulekile kuleli kukhala futhi Euclid. Wayengumuntu umsunguli geometry aphansi. Eratosthenes ukunquma usayizi wonke kweqiniso, Aristarh Samossky wafakazela ukuthi iplanethi yethu uzungeza kuma-axis awo kanye uhamba uzungeza ilanga. Ukuthuthukiswa yimpumelelo kwenzekani kule natural sciences, nemithi.

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo isayensi isiko kuholele isidingo ukugcina ulwazi. Kule ndaba, imitapo sekwakhiwe kwamanye amadolobha.

Ukukhuluma ngalokho izici kobuHellenism bungabonakala, kufanele wathi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa imboni entsha - kolimi. ukunakwa Kuningi okuye ekhokhelwe lolimi, ukugxeka nokunye. A indima enkulu wabelwa ezikoleni. Izincwadi babe wehlukile, kodwa wayesalokhu aqhubeka sizithobe izakhi classical. Epic nosizi babe bahlakaniphe kakhudlwana, kusukela erudition ziza kuqala nokuhlala virtuosity isitayela neziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kwenzekeni ifilosofi?

YamaGreki Philosophy futhi atholwe umehluko othize. Sancipha inkolelo onkulunkulu. Baqala avele namahlelo amasha. kwezifiso Civic kancane kancane gone ngasendleleni, enikeza indawo komuntu. Esikhundleni kwavela umphakathi ngokungabi nandaba, abangasinaki izinkinga zazihlobene umsuka kazwelonke yomuntu. Lokho isimo kwezenhlalo kwaba lunqume ezimpilweni zabantu. Ifilosofi ngesikhathi samaGreki wayiqhubekisa ngokusebenzisa ukusungulwa izikole eziningana: AmaCynic, Abanengi namaStoyiku, Epikhuru peripatetic.

Bamafilosofi waqala kancane kancane ayeke umqondo isikhala. Baphaphamela sakhokhwa umuntu kusukela isikhundla iyunithi ezithile akancike. Ecebeni kwelesibili kwezifiso zomphakathi kanye nezomphakathi.

Kumele unikeze up zonke izinzuzo impucuko

A indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ukubhalwa kobuHellenism kudlalwa Diogen Sinopsky, nobemele i-esikoleni esizulazulayo. Akazange ukubhala izincwadi, kodwa nje ukuhlala. Isazi sefilosofi ngesibonelo wazama ukubonisa ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukulandela iqiniso, ngokombono wakhe, izinhloso. Wagomela ukuthi yonke impucuko womuntu nokusungulwa ungakuvumeli ukuba injabulo, zingabantu enonya. Ingcebo, amandla, udumo - konke lokhu amazwi nje ezingenalutho. Waphila emgqonyeni, wahamba zidwedwe.

Injabulo kufanele kube ngaphandle kuyize

nefilosofi yamaGreki imzuzele eziningi ngenxa esingumGreki, nguye owasungula isikole "Garden". Ukuze isifundo, wakhetha injabulo inkinga indoda. EsingumGreki babekholelwa ukuthi injabulo enkulu kungenziwa kuphela etholwe esimweni sokwesulwa izifiso eziphathelene kuyize. Ngokusho kwakhe, kubalulekile ukuphila ngokuthula, ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela izinkanuko, e lamabutho serene.

VEZA namaStoyiku

Ifilosofi ngesikhathi samaGreki yayina kakhulu. A indima enkulu ekwakheni isimo kwezenhlalo odlale esikoleni ezingamaStoyiku. Ubethula zihilelekile inkinga ka enjabulweni yabantu. Uthi lokhu okulandelayo: ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izinkinga ezihlukahlukene ngeke akwazi ukwazi ukubaleka, une ukujwayela kubo. Lokhu kwaba kusindiswe umbono ezingamaStoyiku. Kuyadingeka ukuba ahlele emhlabeni kwawo kwangaphakathi. Kuphela Kulokhu, akukho izinkinga zangaphandle ngeke bakwazi ukuphazamisa. Kufanele ube ngaphezulu ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle.

isiphetho

KobuHellenism waba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni impucuko European. Zonke impumelelo yale nkathi kwaba ngesisekelo imibono yobuhle kwavela kanye nabanye nangenkathi. ifilosofi yamaGreki baba ayisisekelo ukuthuthukiswa emfundisweni ephakathi. Mythology nezincwadi iyaqhubeka ithandwa futhi manje.