Stanford Ejele Isilingo Filippa Zimbardo: ukubuyekezwa, ukuhlaziya, tiphetfo

Kuthiwani ngesikhathi Isilingo Stanford Ejele, uyazi? Ngiqinisekile abaningi benu baye bezwa okuthile ngakho. Noma kunjalo, ngemva at Stanford ngo-1971, omunye ucwaningo edume kakhulu ekhulwini lama-20 kwaba nomhlangano. Basement umnyango Psychology iviki elilodwa yaphenduka ejele bonke ububi bempi. Kungani babe ngababonisi enonya kangaka? Ubani wanquma uhlanganyela kulolu cwaningo? Kuyini isiphetho abagqugquzeli bayo futhi abahlanganyeli? Konke lokhu uzofunda ngokufunda isihloko.

Stanford Ejele Isilingo - eyaziwa cwaningo zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo kwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa Filippa Zimbardo, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo American. Ngo Awokuzenzisa ejele imvelo ibilokhu wafunda kwethonya izindima "isiboshwa" futhi "umphathi." Kuleli qhaza lethu babelwe nemiyalezo. abahlanganyeli Isifundo kudlalwa kubo cishe isonto.

"Onogada" ukufakwa phakathi imvelo, kanye okuqukethwe kwe 'iziboshwa' ejele saba nenkululeko ethile. Amavolontiya owavuma ukuba izimo zokuhlola, ezahlukene ukuze ubhekane nezinselele futhi ukucindezeleka. Ukuziphatha eliyingxenye kuwo womabili amaqembu zalotshwa futhi ihlaziye.

Ukukhethwa labahlanganyeli experiment

Stanford Ejele Isilingo - isifundo lapho amadoda 22 iqhaza. Bakhandwa ezikhethiwe kusuka 75 asabela ngayo kumuntu isikhangiso iphephandaba. Ukuze ukubamba iqhaza kunikeza ukukhokha $ 15 ngosuku. Abaphendulile kwadingeka ukuba ugcwalise lemibuzo, okubandakanya imibuzo mayelana engqondweni nasemzimbeni somndeni, ubudlelwano, empilweni, izintandokazi propensities. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abacwaningi ayifakiwe abantu nerekhodi lobugebengu noma psychopathology. Omunye noma ezimbili experimenter eyayikhuluma ngamunye kulabo abazobhapathizwa. Ngenxa yalokho, bababamba abantu 24, okwakubonakala esitebeleni kunazo ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba, le avuthiwe kakhulu, futhi okungenani uyakwazi kutiphatsa lokungakafaneli. Abantu abaningana, ngoba noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu linqaba isilingo. Abanye benziwa baba nanulsu ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe by nabelane kwesigamu kubo indima 'iziboshwa' kanti enye ingxenye - "Onogada".

Izifundo - abafundi besilisa ababe ehlobo at Stanford, noma eduze naso. Kwakumelwe ikakhulukazi kahle kuya-white (ngaphandle eyodwa Asian). Babengazi ukuthi nomunye ukuthi zibambe iqhaza ekuhlolweni.

Indima 'isiboshwa "futhi igama elithi" umbonisi "

Stanford Ejele Isilingo eyenziwe nezimo ezishaqisayo - 'iziboshwa' imini nobusuku ejele. Shova kubo kwasakazwa the chamber, ngamunye okwakukhona abantu abangu-3. "Onogada" usebenza amahora angu-shift, ngoba sobathathu. Kwakumelwe ejele ngesikhathi shift, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza ibhizinisi njengenjwayelo.

Ukuze "Onogada" isinyathelo ngokuhambisana iqiniso indlela esisabela ngayo izimo ejele, banikezwa isiqondiso omncane. Nokho, ukusebenzisa isijeziso ngokomzimba is nhlobo.

Ejele yokuhlala

Izifundo, ababezoba sezizophela, ngokungazelelwe abangu "Kuboshwe" emizini yabo. Babika ukuthi baboshwe esolwa ngecala lokuphanga ehlomile noma ukugqekeza, unolwazi mayelana namalungelo azo, ukuseshwa, ngozankosi bayiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa. Lapha badlula inqubo okufakwayo amafayela fingerprinting. Isiboshwa ngasinye ngemva bezofika yasejele nqunu, bese ziphathwe "izintwala" ekhethekile (isiqedaphunga abavamile) washiywa isikhathi eyedwa egijima enqunu. Ngemva kwalokho, wanikwa izingubo ezikhethekile, izithombe futhi ibekwe endaweni ekamelweni.

"Senior Warden" funda "isiboshwa" imithetho, okufanele afeze. Ukuze kubhekanwe ngamunye depersonalization we "izigebengu" kuphela ukuma isibalo esithile kufanele.

izimo Ejele

"Iziboshwa" wathola kathathu ngelanga, kathathu ngosuku ngaphansi kokuqondisa umgciniziboshwa akahambe ethoyilethi amahora amabili abelwe ngokubhala izincwadi noma ukufunda. 2 ukuvakashelwa ngeliviki bavunyelwa, kanye inikezwe ilungelo ukwenza umzimba futhi ubukele ama-movie.

"Roll call" lokuqala lwenzelwe ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi kukhona 'iziboshwa' konke, ukuhlola ulwazi lwabo ngabalingiswa ikamelo lazo iziqondiso. I kubizwe Esokuqala sasithatha imizuzu engaba ngu-10, kodwa nsuku zonke isikhathi babo yanda, futhi ekugcineni ezinye zazo eyathatha amahora amaningana. "Onogada" washintsha noma ukhansele eziningi izinto ajenda, olufakwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuhlola, amanye amalungelo babemane ukhohlwe ngabasebenzi.

Ijele ngokushesha kwaba mnyama futhi ezingcolile. Ilungelo lokwenza ilungelo wageza, futhi ngokuvamile kunqatshelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye 'iziboshwa' ngisho ophoqelelwe ukuhlanza izindlu zangasese ngezandla angenalutho. Omatilasi kwasuswa "okubi" ikhamera, futhi iziboshwa baphoqeleka ukuba ulale sebefaka ukhonkolo. Ngokuvamile njengesijeziso inqatshelwe ukudla.

Ngosuku lokuqala kwaba ngandlela-thile, kodwa phezu uthuli yesibili Kwagqashuka. Yokuvimbela "Onogada" babezizela ukusebenza isikhathi esengeziwe. Bahlasela nge-mlilo 'iziboshwa. " Ngemva kwalesi sehlakalo, "Onogada basejele" wazama ukudlala off 'iziboshwa' komunye nomunye, yabelana ngawo phansi, asenza sicabange ukuthi ezinye zazo zingabantu 'kubo ulwazi ". Wawunodonga nomphumela waso, futhi eminye thuthuva ezinkulu ezinjalo zenzeka.

Imiphumela

Stanford Ejele Isilingo wabonisa ukuthi izimo yeziboshwa abe nethonya elikhulu isimo esingokomzwelo kokubili onogada kanye izigebengu, kanye okwenzeka phakathi kwamaqembu kanye ngaphakathi izinqubo ekuchumana.

Ngesikhathi 'iziboshwa' futhi "Onogada" ngokuvamile kwakukhona ukuthambekela evelele ukuze agcizelele imizwelo engakhi. Bonke baba nombono ongafani ngeke mnyama ngokuphila. "Iziboshwa" ngokuhamba ukuhlola ngokuvamile wabonisa ubudlova. Womabili la maqembu kwehle ukuzethemba njengoba nokwenziwa "setilongweni" ukuziphatha.

ukuziphatha kwangaphandle ngokuvamile kwaqondana kwemizwelo futhi siqu self-imibiko izifundo. "Isiphetho" futhi "Onogada" setha izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuxhumana (negative noma positive, zihlasela noma isekela), kodwa isilinganiso kwabo komunye nomunye empeleni okuhlaselayo, enobutha negcwele ukukhonza elingenalo esintwini.

Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, "izigebengu" waqonda wesithunywa kakhulu yekwentiwa. Kunalokho, onogada alubonisa ngokulungiselela konke ukuhlanganyela emsebenzini owengeziwe futhi eyenza izinto ngokuzithandela. Indlela ababeziphethe ngayo ngamazwi kukhawulwe ngokuyinhloko namathimba kwaba engenabuntu kakhulu. "Iziboshwa" ukwazi ukuthi ubudlova obungokomzimba ngeke uvumele kubo, kodwa ngokuvamile baphawula, ikakhulukazi ingxenye abaqondisi, ekuziphatheni okunobudlova. nokugxekwa salandelwa ngobudlova futhi ziye zaba enye yezindawo amafomu ezivamile zokuxhumana "Onogada" nge basejele.

"YePharoli"

A esicacile sokuthi indlela izimo ezithinta abantu, kukhona ukusabela 'iziboshwa' emihlanu, ezihilelekile kule Isilingo Stanford Ejele Filippa Zimbardo. Ngenxa yokucindezeleka okukhulu, ukukhathazeka okukhulu nokufutheka kwakudingeka "mahhala." Ngo ezine izifundo babe nezimpawu ezifanayo, futhi kwaqala ukuvela kakade ngosuku 2nd sesiphelo. Enye ededelwa ngemuva umzimba ayenakho ukuqubuka sezinzwa.

Ukuziphatha kubaqaphi

Stanford Ejele Isilingo Filippa Zimbardo inqanyuliwe kwesikhathi Emva kwezinsuku eziyisithupha nje kuphela, kodwa kwaba ukuhlala isikhathi eside amasonto amabili. 'Iziboshwa' esisele babejabule kakhulu ke. Ngokuphambene, "Onogada" Iningi udumazeke. Kubonakala sengathi bakwazi ukungena ngokugcwele indima. "Ababonisi" injabulo enkulu amandla ababenakho, futhi abelana nalo ngokungathandi kakhulu. Nokho, omunye wabo wathi ukuthi wayithukuthelisa ukuhlupheka "iziboshwa", nokuthi wayehlose ukubuza abagqugquzeli ukumbeka omunye wabo, kodwa angakaze ayibone. Yazi ukuthi "Onogada" ngivele ngeza la emsebenzini ngesikhathi, futhi ezikhathini eziningana ngisho ngokuzithandela isikhathi esengeziwe emsebenzini ngaphandle kokuthola ezindlekweni ezengeziwe.

ukwehlukana kwabantu ngabanye ukuziphatha abahlanganyeli

ukusabela sokugembula ukuthi aye abonakala kuwo womabili la maqembu, uthi mayelana amandla ezenhlalo esebenza phezu kwethu. Kodwa Zimbardo ejele experiment yabonisa khona ukwehlukana kwabantu ngabanye e indlela abantu uphathe ukuba babhekane nesimo ezingajwayelekile, kahle kangakanani zokubhekana naso. Isibhakabhaka ezicindezelayo zokuphila ejele wema iziboshwa nengxenye. Akubona bonke izikhulu esizonda "izigebengu." Abanye abantu ukudlala imithetho ke ayelapho ezinzima kodwa fair. Nokho, ezinye izikhulu wenza okungaphezu indima yabo kabi ngesihluku nangokuphatha ngonya iziboshwa.

Ngokuvamile, izinsuku 6, isigamu abahlanganyeli kwalethwa kumkhawulo sengqondo akunabuntu. "Kuza abalindi" akahlekwa "izigebengu" babengavunyelwe endlini yangasese, akuvumelekile ukulala. Ezinye iziboshwa yawela hysterics, abanye bezama ukuvusa umhlwenga. Lapho Zimbardo ejele experiment waphuma control, abacwaningi baye baqhubeka besigcina kwenzekani nje omunye 'iziboshwa' ngokungagwegwesi akazange ukuveza umbono.

ukuhlolwa ezixutshiwe ukuhlola

Zimbardo sibonga experiment zakhe zaba emhlabeni odumile. ucwaningo yakhe iye yenza isithakazelo esikhulu. Nokho, ososayensi abaningi babesola Zimbardo ukuthi ukuhlola kwenziwa ngaphandle kokubheka izimiso zokuhle ukuthi alikwazi ezimweni ezinjalo ezixakile zabantu abasha. Nokho, Stanford Humanities iKomiti ivume cwaningo, kanye Zimbardo wathi kwakungedlule muntu ukubikezela ukuthi la maphoyisa kuyoba akunabuntu ngakho.

American Psychological Association ngo-1973 waqinisekisa nokulandela izimiso zokuhle ukuhlola. Nokho, lokhu sinqumo eminyakeni eyalandela. Ukuze kufanele sigcwaliswe kungekho socwaningo olufanayo yokuziphatha kwabantu esikhathini esizayo, ngavuma Zimbardo yena.

Lokhu ukuhlolwa, emadokhumenthari, izincwadi ezibhaliwe, futhi omunye punk band okuthiwa ngokwabo ngisho nangemva kwakhe. Kuze kube manje, luhlala kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa ingxabano, ngisho phakathi kwamalungu alo wangaphambili.

Ukubukeza ukuhlola Filippa Zimbardo

Philip Zimbardo wathi inhloso ukuhlola kwaba ukufunda ukusabela kwabantu ukuze umkhawulo enkululeko. Yayithanda ukuziphatha 'iziboshwa' okuningi kunokuba "abaqondisi". Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala Zimbardo amanothi, wayecabanga ukuthi "Onogada" babe abantu ukucabanga anti-kobushiqela. Nokho, ngemva 'iziboshwa' waqala ukudlubulunda kancane, bona naqala ezingasho ngolaka, ukukhohlwa ukuthi kuphela Stanford Ejele Isilingo Filippa Zimbardo. Photo kaFiliphu ethulwa ngenhla.

Nendima eyadlalwa Christina Maslakh

uwoyela Christina, unkosikazi Zimbardo, kwaba omunye wabacwaningi. Kwaba esona wabuza uFiliphu ukuyeka ukuhlola. UChristine waqaphela ukuthi izindaba okwakudingeka lokuqala wayecabanga ukuthi ngeke iqhaza ocwaningweni. Akazange ubona ushintsho ku Zimbardo kuze kuze waya egumbini labalindi. Christina bengaqondi ukuthi uFiliphu abazange baqonde ukuthi okwakwenzeka ucwaningo bakhe babuyela. Uvumile eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lowo mbono kungasiko abahlanganyeli kwamenza zidinga kokuma ukuhlola, njengoba indlela abantu baziphathe ngayo, kubani wayezothola ukushada ngokushesha. Christina waqaphela ukuthi basekuthunjweni mandla akhe amakhulukazi kanye isimo kwenzakala lowo abalingisa. It Zimbardo ezidingekayo kunazo zonke yiqiniso lokuthi yakhe "ukupela". Lovers siqophisane like ngalolo suku. Christina wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi uma okungenani olunye usuku ukuze uqhubeke yomzamo, asisakwazi sithandane oyikhethile. Ngakusasa wayeka Stanford Ejele Isilingo Zimbardo, iziphetho zazo okuxubile ngakho.

By the way, Christina ngonyaka ofanayo namanje washada noPhilip. Umndeni azalelwa amantombazane 2. uyise Young waba nesithakazelo emfundweni ngempela. Philip ashaqe indaba ephathwayo, kude ukuhlola ejele: indlela yokukhulisa izingane, ukuze awayona namahloni. Usosayensi lisungule amasu nangokulalela ulwe amahloni ngokweqile e eseyingane lidume emhlabeni wonke.

Yiqulu kakhulu igama elithi "umbonisi"

Kuwa igama elithi "umbonisi" kwaba Dave Eshelman, owabe waba umnikazi webhizinisi mortgage e Saragote. Ukhumbula ukuthi nje ngifuna isikhathi ingxenye ngoba ehlobo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngahileleka le Isilingo Stanford eJele 1971 Dave kumiswa uhlelo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kubalulekile ukwenza "okuthile" ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abacwaningi Ungakwazi ke bhala sihloko. Ngakho-ke Eshelman uyaqaphela iba anolaka, ukuzama ukwenza Stanford Ejele Isilingo ezithakazelisayo ngo-1971. Reincarnate akuzange kube nzima ngoba wafunda idrama esikoleni futhi kwadingeka eziningi wenza isipiliyoni. Dave uthi ongathi, aphethwe parallel ukuhlola. Eshelman wafuna ukuthola ukuthi kungakanani avunyelwe ngaphambi kokuba banquma ukuyeka ucwaningo. Nokho, kwakungadingeki wama ubudlova.

Kubuyekezwe uJohane Marku

Enye igama elithi "umbonisi", Dzhon Mark, owayefundelwa anthropology at Stanford, unombono ukuhluka phezu Ukuhlolwa Stanford Ejele. Iziphetho ukuba wafika lapho, curious kakhulu. Wayefuna ukuhlale 'iziboshwa', kodwa igama elithi "umbonisi. ' UJohane wathi akukho lutho ucingo ntambama akuzange kwenzeke, nokho, Zimbardo iyehluleka ukwenza ukungezwani isimo. Emva "Onogada" waqala uvuke "Iziboshwa" ebusuku, kwakubonakala kuye ukuthi lokhu kwaba ngaphesheya okhanyayo. UMarku ngokwakhe akazange bathanda uvuke kufunwe izinombolo zabo ucingo. UJohane wathi akazange acabange-Stanford experiment Zimbardo into ebucayi, ezihlobene ngokoqobo. Ngaye, iqhaza kulo was hhayi ningi than stints. Ngemva ukuhlola, John wayesebenzela yezokwelapha inkampani cryptographer.

Ngokusho Richard Jaakko

Richard Yakko ezingenamafutha kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe eyisiboshwa. Ngemva iqhaza ekuhlolweni, wasebenza kamabonakude, wafundisa esikoleni esiphakeme. Thina achaze umbono wakhe phezu Ukuhlolwa Stanford Ejele. Ukuhlaziya iqhaza lakhe liphinde ethakazelisa kakhulu. Richard waphawula ukuthi into yokuqala ukuthi uzakwethu wayishaya wayilahla phansi off, kwaba ukuthi 'iziboshwa' evimbela ubuthongo. Lapho ngiphaphama okokuqala, Richard wayengazi ukuthi bekulokhu 4:00. Iziboshwa aphoqelelwa ukuba enze izivivinyo, bese yayekwa. Futhi kuphela ke Jaakko waqaphela ukuthi ngaleyo ndlela Kusolwa ukuphazamisa umjikelezo yemvelo ukulala.

Richard uthi akabe esazikhumbula ncamashi lapho 'iziboshwa' waqala ukuvukela. Yena zenqaba ukuzithoba umqondisi, ukuqonda ngenxa yalokhu-ke angadluliselwa ngedwa. ISolidarity 'iziboshwa' ngoba ndawonye kuphela ngandlela-thile simelane futhi izinkinga umsebenzi "Onogada".

Lapho Richard ebuzwa ukuthi yini okwakufanele yenziwe kuye kwesikhathi idedelwa, abacwaningi wathi, ukuthi avume ukubamba iqhaza, ngakho kufanele uhlale kuze kube sekupheleni. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho Richard wayenomuzwa wokuthi ejele.

Nokho, namanje wadedelwa ngosuku ngaphambi kwesifundo. Commission ngesikhathi Isilingo Stanford Ejele nomuzwa wokuthi Richard esezakuvula behluleka. Yona uqobo njengeNdodana enomuzwa wokuthi kwakusala kude ecindezelekile.

ukuhlanzeka sokuhlola, ukusetshenziswa imiphumela

Qaphela ukuthi abantu abahilelekile Isilingo Stanford Ejele, impendulo wasala edidayo. Dually isimo sengqondo ukuze Zimbardo futhi UCristina ukuthola Heroine noMsindisi. Nokho, yena isiqiniseko akazange wenze okuthile okukhethekile - basiza wakhethwa yakhe ubone ngihlukane ngaphandle.

Imiphumela zokuhlola abangu kamuva zisetshenziswe ukuze zibonise ukuthobeka futhi ukwamukela abantu lapho kusekelwa kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi ulunge kangakanani yekuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhonza njengezikhonzi enomfanekiso eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezimbili: umthelela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni futhi dissonance yobuchopho.

Manje, sabatshela mayelana Isilingo Stanford Ejele UProfesa Zimbardo. Umsebenzi wakho - ukunquma indlela yokuphatha kulo. Ekuphetheni, thina engeza ukuthi esekelwe Mario Giordano, umlobeli isiNtaliyane, ngo-1999, wadala indaba ngokuthi "Black Box". Lo msebenzi waba kamuva kwabonakala kumafilimu ezimbili. Ngo-2001 edutshulwa "experiment", ifilimu isiJalimane, futhi ngo-2010 uvele okufanayo negama ifilimu American.