Izitho zokuphefumula Human. Lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti umgudu wokuphefumula

Yini ongase abizwe ngokuthi inkomba eyinhloko ubungqabavu abantu? Yiqiniso, ukuthola umoya. Umuntu angakwenza ngaphandle ukudla namanzi isikhathi esithile. Ngaphandle emoyeni umsebenzi obalulekile akunakwenzeka nhlobo.

Uhlolojikelele

Yini ukuphefumula? Kuyinto ukuhlobana phakathi imvelo kanye nabantu. Uma engayitholi emoyeni ngenxa yanoma yisiphi isizathu kunzima, inhliziyo futhi izitho zokuphefumula yomuntu sebeqala usebenza kwimodi eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kungenxa isidingo sokuba kunakekelwe ngokwezinto-mpilo okwanele. Izinhlaka umgudu wokuphefumula bayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kokuhlukana kwemvelo.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ososayensi baye bakwazi ukusungula ukuthi emoyeni ngokufaka womuntu umgudu wokuphefumula, yakha ukugeleza ezimbili (okwesikhashana). Omunye wabo lingena singene ohlangothini lwesobunxele ekhaleni. Ucwaningo zokuphefumula ebonisa ukuthi pass wesibili ohlangothini lwesokudla. Ochwepheshe kuye kwabonisa nokuthi imithambo ubuchopho ahlukaniselwe ukusakaza amabili ethola umoya. Ngakho, inqubo ukuphefumula kufanele kube lesifanele. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba silondoloze ukuphila okuvamile kwabantu. Cabanga isakhiwo kwemigudu yokuphefumula womuntu.

izici ezibalulekile

Lapho abantu bakhuluma ngokuthuthukisa ukuphefumula, kuba iqoqo izinqubo elibanzi eliqonde ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulokhu umoya-mpilo ezicutshini eziyishumi nemitshingo. Uma lokhu umzimba esuswa izinto okuyinto akhiwa ngesikhathi carbon dioxide exchange. Ukuphefumula kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uya ngokusebenzisa izigaba eziningana. emoyeni itheku futhi esidayisa emzimbeni elandelayo isinyathelo:

1. Umoya omncane. Sikhuluma negesi lokushintshisana phakathi emoyeni ambient kanye ne-alveoli. Lesi sigaba kubhekwa yokuphefumula zangaphandle.
2. Exchange amagesi, eyenziwa ezingena emaphashini. Kwenzeka phakathi igazi nomoya alveolar.
3. izinqubo ezimbili: ukulethwa oksijini evela emaphashini ezicutshini, kanye ukuthuthwa isikhutha yokugcina yangaphambili. Sikhuluma ukuhamba amagesi nge egazini.
4. Esigabeni esilandelayo negesi lokushintshisana. Luhilela izicubu amaseli bese igazi liphuma kuma-capillary.
5. Ekugcineni, ukuphefumula kwangaphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa iZwi namachibi yemvelo, okuyinto eyenzeka kule mitochondria amaseli.

imisebenzi esemqoka

Human zokuphefumula ukuhlinzekela ukukhishwa isikhutha igazi. umsebenzi wabo futhi oxygenation yayo. Uma uhlu izici umgudu wokuphefumula, lokhu - ebaluleke kakhulu.

isabelo Akuphoqelekile

Kukhona omunye umuntu umsebenzi zokuphefumula, phakathi kwabo kungathiwa elandelayo:

1. Ukuthatha iqhaza thermoregulation izinqubo. Iqiniso lokuthi emoyeni lokushisa imuncwe kuthinta ipharamitha efanayo zomzimba womuntu. Phakathi awumoya okhishwa ngamakhala, umzimba ulahlekelwa ukushisa kuya imvelo yangaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo it is selehlile, uma kungenzeka.
2. Ukuthatha iqhaza izinqubo secretory. Phakathi lokuphelelwa isikhathi, kanye emoyeni kusukela umzimba (ngaphandle-carbon dioxide) ziyasuswa umhwamuko. Kuyasebenza nasezingxoxweni ezinye nezinye izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, ETHYL utshwala ngenkathi didekile.
3. Ukuthatha ingxenye eyingozi mzimba. Siyabonga kulesi sici, izitho bulimaza imigudu yokuphefumula kubantu sezivuma nokulahla ezinye izakhi pathologically yingozi. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa amagciwane abangela izifo, amagciwane kanye namanye amagciwane. Leli khono sinikezwe amaseli ezithile wamaphaphu. Kule ndaba, bakwazi ukuthi lalotshwa izakhi kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni.

imisebenzi ethize

Kukhona esinda kakhulu igxile umsebenzi umgudu wokuphefumula. Ikakhulukazi, imisebenzi ethize kuyenziwa bronchi, kuqhoqhoqho, amalaka, nasopharynx. Phakathi kwalezi imisebenzi compartmentalized yilezi ezilandelayo:

1. Cooling futhi ukufudumala emoyeni engenayo. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngokuhambisana lokushisa kuma.
2. Humidification (imuncwe) okuyinto evimbela iphele out kwamaphaphu.
3. Ukuhlanzwa lomoya itheku. Kahle kahle, lokhu kusebenza ndaba angaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, uthuli engenayo esuka emoyeni.

Isakhiwo kwezitho bulimaza imigudu yokuphefumula kubantu

Zonke izici axhunyiwe ngeziteshi ekhethekile. Ngokusho kwakhe ephuma emoyeni. Futhi kulesi simiso zihlanganisa emaphashini - izitho, lapho negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka. Iyunithi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kusebenza kanjani kuyinto ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Cabanga abantu umgudu wokuphefumula (izithombe eboniswe ngezansi) kabanzi.

Ulwazi mayelana ingaphakathi acinene

ipheshana zokuphefumula iqala ke. I ingaphakathi acinene ahlukaniswa umlomo. Front - lena ulwanga kanzima futhi ngemuva - esithambile. Esikhathini ingaphakathi acinene has a uqwanga bone skeleton. It ihlukaniswe yaba kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele izinhlangothi sibonga udonga okuqinile. Futhi, zikhona ezintathu turbinate. Siyabonga kubo, ngalo ingaphakathi sehlukaniswe Abarimi

1. Lower.
2. Isilinganiso.
3. Upper.

Ngokusho kwakhe sihamba emoyeni ngamakhala futhi imuncwe.

Izici lwamafinyila

Uneziqu ububanzi amadivayisi ezakhelwe ekwelapheni emoyeni imuncwe. Okokuqala, it ihlanganisa epithelium ciliated. cilia yakhe yakha ukhaphethi okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa kulokolokoza cilia, uthuli sisuswa ngempela kalula kusuka ngaphakathi komgodi acinene. Izinwele okuyizinto emaphethelweni elingaphandle izimbobo, kuphindze kufake sandla ukuboshwa izakhi angaphandle. Ulwelwesi lwamafinyila iqukethe nezindlala ekhethekile. Iyini imfihlo yabo umboza uthuli futhi kusiza ukuqedwa yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, humidification kwenzeka.

Amafinyila ukuthi itholakala ngalo ingaphakathi acinene, anezakhi amagciwane. Iqukethe lysozyme. Lokhu kwaziswa kusiza ukuphungula ikhono lama-bacterium awusizo nokuzala. Iphinde ubulala kubo. I mucosa kuyinto sebuningini emithanjeni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, bangase zigcwala. Uma zilimele, bese uqale umongozima. Inhloso yalezi izinhlangano is amalahle emoyeni edabula ekhaleni we jet. Amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ukushiya imithambo yegazi kanye avele phezu mucosal. Futhi yenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Ngo inqubo phagocytosis ka leukocyte ayafa. Ngakho, ngo-isikhwehlela okuyinto ukhululeka ekhaleni, iqukethe eziningi "zizivikele" nabafileyo. Ngokulandelayo, emoyeni ludlulele ngaphakathi lo nasopharynx, bese - kwezinye izitho umgudu wokuphefumula.

umphimbo

Kuyinto phambi hypopharynx. Lokhu ezingeni 4-6-th amathambo wesibeletho. Amalaka kwakhiwa uqwanga. Kwakamuva ihlukaniswe ngazimbili (nhlonhlo, rozhkovidnye, arytenoid) kanye ayibhangqiwe (cricoid, yegilo). Kulokhu, lo epiglottis unamathele onqenqemeni engenhla lokugcina uqwanga. Phakathi nokugwinya, basibekele umnyango amalaka. Ngakho, it is kuvinjelwe ukuba angene ukudla kwakhe.

emibili yephimbo ukusebenzisa kusukela yegilo kuya cartilages arytenoid. Glottis isikhala obakhiwa kubo okuyinto.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana kuqhoqhoqho

Kuyinto phambili amalaka. It ihlukaniswe yaba bronchi ezimbili: kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Bifurcation - yindawo lapho amagatsha kuqhoqhoqho. It libhekene ubude ezilandelayo: 9-12 cm. Isilinganiso ububanzi transverse kuyinto nesishiyagalombili amamilimitha angu.

Uqhoqhoqho kungafaka phakathi kuze kufinyelele amabili izindandatho akuphelele cartilaginous. Basuke zixhunywe umsipha fibrous. Ngenxa isigamu-amasongo yomoya cartilaginous babe nokunwebeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa ke egeleza kalula passable umoya.

Membranous posterior tracheal odongeni isicaba. Iqukethe bushelelezi kwemisipha izicubu (imishayo ukuthi ukusebenzisa lengthwise futhi crosswise). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunyakaza asebenzayo we kuqhoqhoqho uma ukhwehlela, ukuphefumula nokunye. Ngokuphathelene ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, basibekele epithelium ciliated. Kulokhu, ngaphandle kuba ingxenye epiglottis futhi yezwi. libuye libe nezindlala lwamafinyila kanye lymphoid.

bronchi

Lo msuka pair. bronchi ezimbili, okuyinto zihlukaniswe uqhoqhoqho afakiwe emaphashini kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Kukhona isihlahla-like amagatsha ku izakhi ezincane, okuyinto afakiwe nase-iyizingxenye yamaphaphu. Ngakho, kwakheka bronchioles. Sikhuluma amagatsha ngisho encane ngaphezulu umgudu. Ububanzi bronchioles zokuphefumula kungenzeka 0.5 mm. Nazo ngokufanayo, yakha Amapayipi alveolar. Kwakamuva evala izikhwama abafanele.

Yiziphi-alveoli? Lokhu protrusion, kokuba ifomu Bubbles, okuyinto zitholakala ku ezindongeni izikhwama abafanele bese ihamba. ubukhulu wabo 0.3 mm, futhi nenombolo kungenzeka kuze kufinyelele 400 Mill. Lokhu kunikeza kungenzeka wokusungula enkulu yokuphefumula. Lokhu isici kakhulu kuthinta umthamo wokukhanya. Lesi sakamuva singabangela lenyuke.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu abantu umgudu wokuphefumula

Basuke kubhekwe emaphashini. izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo ezihlobene nazo, ungakwazi ukuphila. Khanyisa (isithombe okusesihlokweni esithi) zitholakala kule ingaphakathi esifubeni, okuyinto hermetically uphawu. nodonga lwawo ezingemuva kwakhiwa emgogodleni ehambisana ne izimbambo okuyinto movably enamathiselwe. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izicubu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

I ingaphakathi thoracic uyashiywa phansi besisu. Lokhu midriff bazibandakanye noma diaphragm. wamaphaphu anatomy kuyinto okungukuthi ayilula kangako. Kubantu, kukhona ezimbili. Iphaphu kwesokudla iyizingxenye ezintathu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwesokunxele has ezimbili. Phezulu emaphashini - kuba ayisesemikhulu zabo engxenyeni engenhla kanye enwetshiwe aphansi ngezizathu kubhekwe. kwenzelwa amasango ahlukahlukene. Basuke emelelwa anemifantu phezu kwangaphakathi kwamaphaphu. Ngabo kukhona imithambo yegazi, bronchi, izinzwa, nezibilini kwemigudu ye-lymph. Impande iqukethe nesigcino izinhlangano ngenhla.

Khanyisa (isithombe sikhombisa indawo yabo), noma kunalokho izicubu zabo, yakhiwa izakhiwo ezincane. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi tincetu. Lezi izindawo ezincane ukuthi abe ukuma pyramidal. Bronchi, okuyinto afakiwe kumasegmenti okuhambisanayo, ihlukaniswe bronchioles zokuphefumula. hambisa Alveolar khona ekupheleni ngamunye wabo. Lolu hlelo lonke kuyinto iyithimba kwamaphaphu. Ibizwa ngokuthi acini.

UHlelo pleura camera. Lokhu emgodleni inezigaba ezimbili. Sikhuluma yangaphandle (parietal) kanye yangaphakathi (visceral) amacembe (ukukhanya wesifunda unamathele ngezansi). Kugcine dibikeza them futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba udonga lwangaphandle. Kwenza angenise yangaphandle ishidi phezulu pleura kanye igobolondo kuyinto odongeni engaphakathi ingaphakathi thoracic. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba geometrically ivaliwe kulencane capillary isikhala. Sikhuluma ngalo ingaphakathi pleural. Iqukethe inani elincane uketshezi efanelekayo. Yena wets le pleura. Lokhu kusiza ngokuhambisa kwabo ndawonye. ushintsho emoyeni emaphashini ngenxa yezizathu ezithize. Omunye oyinhloko ushintshe usayizi izimbotshana pleural futhi thoracic. Lena anatomy kwamaphaphu.

Izakhiwo indlela yokufakwayo futhi esidayisa emoyeni

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, phakathi igesi esemgwaqweni ku-alveoli, futhi ukuvunguza komoya benana. It is okubangelwa Rhythmic kushintshana nomoya. Khanyisa akanawo izicubu kwemisipha. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukunciphisa ngokujulile akunakwenzeka. Kulokhu, indima ezimatasa inikezwe imisipha zokuphefumula. Lapho engenisa umoya ukukhubazeka akunakwenzeka. Kulokhu, umgudu wokuphefumula aziphazamiseki.

Inspiration isenzo ephefumula. Kuyinto inqubo esebenzayo, lapho waqinisekisa ukwanda esifubeni. Isikhathi sokuphelelwa kuyisenzo okhishwa ngamakhala. Le nqubo yokwenziwa. He is ngenxa yokuthi ngalo ingaphakathi thoracic incipha.

Breathing umjikelezo uvezwa izigaba kamuva ezibonisa ukuthi uhogele futhi okhishwa ngamakhala. Ngo inqubo emoyeni ngokufaka beso futhi ithola imisipha etshekile zangaphandle abathintekayo. Lapho ekunciphiseni imiphetho zabo ziqala ukuba avuke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona nokwanda ingaphakathi thoracic. Diaphragm kuyehla. Nokho, kudingeka okungaphezu kokubona sesimweni flat.

Njengoba for izitho incompressible we ingaphakathi lesisu, ke basuke kwaphoqa ohlangothini phansi ngesikhathi senqubo. I Dome diaphragm ngesikhathi ukuphefumula ethule lehliselwa cishe isigamu isentimitha. Ngakho, kukhona nokwanda ngobukhulu mpo ingaphakathi esifubeni. Endabeni umoya kakhulu kakhulu isenzo inspiratory iqhaza imisipha elisizayo, phakathi okuyizinto lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Rhomboid (okuyinto phakamisa blade).
2. Trapezius.
3. webele ezincane nezinkulu.
4. I anterior serratus.

Udonga ingaphakathi thoracic namaphaphu ihlanganisa serosa. ingaphakathi Pleural lalimelela umqhewu ewumngcingo phakathi amashidi. Iqukethe uketshezi serous. Khanyisa sonke isikhathi isimo sisalokhu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umfutho ngalo ingaphakathi pleural alivumi. Kuyinto induku nokunwebeka. Iqiniso lokuthi inani ukukhanya njalo ukulwela ukuze wehlise. Ukuphela-olwandle cishe njalo kwemisipha yokuphefumula ephumula. Ingcindezi ku ingaphakathi pleural ngezansi umfutho womoya. abantu ezahlukene babe nendima eyinhloko inspiratory isenzo kudlala diaphragm noma imisipha intercostal. Ngakho, singaxoxa mayelana izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuphefumula:

1. Raeburn.
2. Diaphragmatic.
3. Typhoid.
4. Wamabele.

Manje sibizwa ngokuthi abesifazane wabusa uhlobo lokugcina ukuphefumula. Abesilisa ezimweni eziningi kukhona besisu. Phakathi ethule ukuphefumula umoya kwenzeka ngenxa yamandla nokunwebeka. It oluhlala ngesikhathi umoya odlule. Lapho imisipha uphumule, izimbambo kungaba zibukele emuva indawo yokuqala. Uma ukunciphisa beso uzokwehla, kuzothatha isikhundla sakho esidala oluyingungu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izitho besisu ngokuvumelana naso. Ngakho, ingcindezi kulo incipha.

Zonke izinqubo ngenhla ziholela kokucindezelwa kwamaphaphu. Kulawa, emoyeni uyaphuma (yokwenziwa). exhale Okuhlezi emqondweni - kuba inqubo esebenzayo. It is ohanjelwa imisipha intercostal yangaphakathi. Ngakho kuthathwa imicu zabo ukusebenzisa kolunye uhlangothi uma ziqhathaniswa zangaphandle. Basuke kuyehla, kanti izimbambo awe phansi. Futhi kukhona wokwehla ingaphakathi thoracic.