Izinqaba ezihle kakhulu eRussia (isithombe)

Inqaba yinqaba yenkosi yama-feudal. Amagama athi "castle" nethi "feudal" afaneleka kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu. ERussia, amagama athi "kremlin" nelithi "umninimhlaba" afaneleke kakhulu ukubizwa kwawo. Ngisho nabanikazi bezwe abakhulu baseRussia babengenalo ukukhiya. Kukhona iziqhingi.

Ezweni lakithi kunezinto ezingaba ngu-100 eziwela ngaphansi kwencazelo ye "castle", "kreml", "fort", "fortress". Futhi bangaki abokuqala kuqala? Ngoba konke okufanayo ukukhiya akuyona inqaba ngokuphelele, futhi akuyona neze i-Kremlin.

Amalokhi akukhona kuphela eNtshonalanga

Izinqaba zasendulo zaseRussia zihlala entshonalanga yezwe. Manje yizikhumbuzo zomlando nezakhiwo zomlando, ngoba zakhiwa ikakhulukazi eNkathini Ephakathi. Kodwa ekhulwini le-XIX, izakhiwo eziningana zavela eRussia, zenziwe njengezinqaba zakwa-medieval zaseYurophu. Futhi, ubabuka, uyaqaphela ukuthi lena yinqaba, njengokuchazwe kumatheksthi, kwakukulesi sakhiwo ama-princess ahlala khona. Futhi-ke kuyisihawu ukuthi cishe bonke sebeshiyiwe manje.

Isiqhingi saseSweden

Izinqaba zasendulo zaseRussia ezilondolozwe zimelelwa iparele elinjengeVivborg Castle, elisezindaweni ezincane zezikhumbuzo zomlando ezigcinwe cishe ngokuphelele. Isikhungo esiseLeningrad Region yisibonelo esihle sezakhiwo zasempi zasendulo zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Yakhiwa isikhathi eside kakhulu-kusukela ngo-1293 kuya ku-1894. Wakhuliswe abaseSweden lapho bephuma emkhosini wesithathu eKarelia, umlingani weVeliky Novgorod. Ngemva kokubhubhisa indawo eqinile ngokuphelele yamaKarelians, eyayisesiqhingini saseChest Island, amaSweden akha indawo enqabeni lapho, ubukhulu bezindonga babufinyelela kumamitha amabili, embhoshongweni omkhulu wawusondela ngamamitha amane.

Akunakwenzeka kakhulu

Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka inqaba enamandla yavuselelwa izikhathi eziningana futhi yaqiniswa, yaba yinqaba engenakunqotshwa. Nokho, uPeter I ngo-1710 emva kokuvinjezelwa kwezinyanga ezimbili wathatha inqaba. Yabuyiselwa ngokuphelele, futhi yayihlala egodini laseRussia. Ngemuva komlilo obudlova, okwenzeka ngo-1856, inqaba yahlupheka, kepha ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX yavuselelwa ngokuphelele, ngokuhambisana nezinkulumo zokuqala. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili inqaba ayilimazanga. Manje kuyimyuziyamu yegama elifanayo.

Ijele futhi labhubhisa izindlu zezinwele

Uhlu lwe "Castles of Russia" lungaqhubeka olusha futhi lugcinwe kuze kube yilolu suku Butyrsky Castle. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuyinqaba yejele. Ekuqaleni kwakhiwa isimemezelo sikaCatherine Catherine njengesiboshwa. Umlobi wephrojekthi wayengumdwebi odumile uMatvey Kazakov. Imibhoshongo emibili ejikelezayo ikhona emagumbini enqabeni. Phakathi nendawo kwakuyithempeli, labhujiswa amaBolshevik. Futhi manje i-Butyrka isetshenziselwa injongo yayo ehlosiwe: yiyona eyedwa enkulu yokuphenya eMoscow.

Uhlu lwama-"Castles Old of Russia" luhlanganisa i-Insterburg, esesifundazweni saseKaliningrad. Lesi sisekelo sakhiwe yiNkosi Master Dietrich von Altenburg ngo-1336. Inqaba yonakaliswa kabi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Elikhulu. Kodwa kukhona ithemba lokuthi lizobuyiselwa, nakuba umsebenzi wokubuyiselwa uhamba kancane. Le nto iyayaziwa ngemidlalo ye-chivalric yaminyaka yonke.

I-Pearl yoLwandle OluMnyama

Izinqaba ezihle kunazo zonke eRussia zingamelwa yi-"Isikhumba se-Swallow". Futhi nakuba kusukela embonweni womlando kuyisakhiwo esisha, kuhle kakhulu, sithandana futhi kukhumbuza izinqaba zasendulo zaseYurophu ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba azungeze. Yakhiwa ngumdwebi uLeonid Sherwood, onguyise owayengumbhali wephrojekthi ye-Historical Museum e-Red Square. I-Historical Museum ngokwayo iphinde ikhumbuze kokubili indlu nenqaba yasendulo yaseRussia ngesikhathi esifanayo. Wakha "isidleke se-Swallow" ngo-1911, wakhathazeka yiJalimane, u-Baron von Steingel. ERussia, wayehlanganyela ekuthuthukiseni amafutha aseBaku. Iparele logwini lolwandle oluMnyama luhlala edwaleni lase-Aurora, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-40 ngaphezu kolwandle, eduze nomzana waseGaspra eCape-Todor.

I-Castle ye-Northern Capital

UMikhailovsky, noma ubuNjiniyela, inqaba yaseSt. Petersburg, uma kungenjalo inhle kunazo zonke, isikhumbuzo esikhulu kunawo wonke sakhiwo, esiqedela umlando wokwakhiwa kwenhloko-dolobha yaseNyakatho yekhulu le-XVIII. I-Pavel ngayiyala. Le nqaba emanzini yaba yindawo yokufa kwayo. Umbhali wephrojekthi nguVincenzo Brenna, iminyaka yokwakhiwa yi-1797-1801. Igama lesakhiwo lenziwa ngenxa yesonto likaMikayeli iNgelosi Eyinhloko (umphathi wezindlu zaseRomanovs), owayengokwakhiwa kwendlu yobukhosi. I-castle yayala ukuba ibizwe nguPaul I ngokwakhe, ngoba wayenomusa ngakho konke okwakwenziwa yiYurophu, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho wathatha isihloko senkosi enkulu ye-Order yaseMalta, ongathandi ukuhlala ematendeni noma ezindlini zamakhosi.

Izinduna zesifunda saseKaliningrad

Amazwi ahlukile afanele izindlu zaseRussia, ezisezweni laseKaliningrad. Abaningi babo basesimweni esidabukisayo. Ngaphandle kwe-Insterburg engenhla, kukhona umbhoshongo kuphela ohlala eNtumbonic Castle, okwakhiwa kwekhulu le-XIII (umuzi waseKurortnoye). I-Castle Waldu (idolobha laseNizovye), eyasungulwa ngo-1264, ingenye yezindawo ezintathu ezisele eziseKaliningrad.

Ezimbili ezilandelayo yiGeorgenburg, esiseduze neChernyakhovsk, nenqaba yaseTapiau, eseGvardeysk. Zonke zazo zasungulwa yi-Knights ye-Teutonic Order. I-tapiau emva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili yaphenduka ijele, futhi kuphela ngo-2013 iziboshwa zadluliselwa lapho, futhi inqaba yanikelwa iziphathimandla zedolobha ukuze zibuyiselwe. Kukhona ensimini yesifunda futhi kwabhujiswa ingxenye yasendulo (ukukhulunywa kokuqala ku-1257) iSchaaken Castle.

Ekhuluma ngesifunda saseKaliningrad, awukwazi ukungazinaki ihhotela lezinkanyezi ezingu-4 elingu-Nesselbek, elihlelwe ezinsukwini zakudala. Kukhona lo muntu omuhle edolobhaneni lase-Orlovka. Ukulungiswa kabusha ngokusho kwemidwebo endala, ifakwe konke okudingekayo kulabo abavakashelwa kakhulu.

Amalokhi wesifunda saseMoscow

Izakhiwo ezinhle zaseRussia zitholakala futhi zingaphesheya empumalanga yomngcele osentshonalanga. Ngokuqinisekile, eyakhelwe ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-XIX, yadalwa ngaphansi kwezakhiwo zezakhiwo zaseYurophu, ezithandwa yi-Russian multi-columns, ezifisa ukuba zibe neYurophu ephakathi. Kusemadolobhaneni ukuthi kukhona izindawo eziningana, ezibhalwe izinqaba zasendulo noma izindlu zaseGothic. Kodwa kufanele sitshele ukuthi izakhiwo zaseRussia ziningi kakhulu.

Ubuhle obukhohliwe

Izinqaba ezishiyiwe zaseRussia, ukugcina ukulandelana kokuhle nobuhle obudala, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile azibuyiswa. Futhi bekahle kangakanani ukuthi babuyiselwe emuva, ungahlulela nge-Poddamkino yefa. Indlu kaBaroness Mayendorf, eqoshiwe njengokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sama-Middle Ages, iyimpahla yangasese, futhi kuphela isonto livulekile kuzivakashi. Indlu yendlu enhle kakhulu, kodwa ihlukile. Wayenenhlanhla ngoba usezweni likaBarkhakha, kanti izakhamuzi zendawo ngeke zihlambalaze amehlo abo ngamanxiwa. Izinqaba ezilahlekelwe zaseRussia (isithombe esithintekayo), njengendawo yokuhlala yaseMuromtsevo, ephakathi kukaVladimir noMurom, izakhiwo ze-Uspensky neVasilievskaya, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle kunazo zonke, ngokungekho ngaphansi kokwembatha izimboni ze-Western, kubangela ukudabuka. Isonto lezinhlangothi ezimbili, eliseduze nezindiza ze-Bykovo, akuyona yini indlu yenkosikazi? Ubunikazi bubizwa ngokuthi i-Bazhenov enkulu.

Ngifuna ukukholelwa ukuthi lezizinto eziyingqayizivele ngeke zinyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba.