Izimuncagazi Uyi umkhiqizi noma abathengi? ngezigaba ezidala

Iplanethi yethu uhlalwe abantu, izilwane, imithi yayo, amakhambi, amakhowe. Kodwa ngaphezu eziphilayo nenzuzo, kukhona eziyingozi, ezifana nezinambuzane. Kungani kwezinye izimo zilimaza, kuyilapho abanye bazuze? Izimuncagazi ziyenzeka, yini ngezigaba zabo? Funda lesi sihloko.

abakhiqizi

Ngesikhathi nhliziyo ecosystem siphila futhi eziphilayo-non-ophilayo. I last abizwa ngokuthi izici abiotic. Noma isiphi isakhiwo biotic kungenzeka ngaphandle kokukhiqiza - izidalwa eziphilayo, akwazi izinto eziphilayo, usebenzisa wezinto ezingaphili. Lezi zihlanganisa isitshalo okuthiwa i-photosynthesis inqubo okwenzeka ngosizo amandla okukhanya. Izitshalo esebenzisa i-carbon, amanzi kanye namaminerali ezithile lapho zihlatshwa chlorophyll uyakwazi Kuhlanganisa udaba eziphilayo.

consuments

Ingabe izinto eziphilayo adla udaba eziphilayo sikulungele. Lezi zihlanganisa izilwane, abantu, abanye ezincane, izitshalo. Futhi izimuncagazi yizo? Kususelwa indlela yokuphila, zingabantu ngabathengi. Bafika e izinhlobo ezahlukene.

• Okuxhunyanwa noma kuqala oda. Lezi zihlanganisa izilwane, nokudla okuyizinto ezibalulekile izitshalo.
• Ama-oda yesibili noma yesibili futhi okwalandela. Zidla on ukudla isilwane, kodwa ukudla kwabo siqukethe nemifino eziphilayo, ie, abathengi primary. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimuncagazi ezakhe. Konsumentami nezilwane liyanda izinto eziphilayo. Iningi amandla abenzela izitshalo kudliwa. Lona ekuqaleni jikelele uchungechunge ukudla. Zaziziningi izilwane zidla izicubu izilwane herbivorous, futhi ezidla ababuthakathaka. Izimuncagazi khona ngezithukuthuku nezinye izinto eziphilayo, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, sebenzisa sverhparazity. Kule, kusobala ukuthi izimuncagazi kukhona abathengi. Nezilwanyana ezincane decomposers-sekugcineni eziwukudla, ukubuyisela udaba eziphilayo esimweni amaminerali. Amandla ukugeleza ngenkathi kancane kancane ilahlekelwa amandla ayo.

decomposers

Leli qembu elithile kwamagciwane kanye isikhunta ezibhubhisa izinsalela izitshalo nezilwane ezifile, waliguqula wabayisa amanzi nesikhutha. Ngakho, izimuncagazi kukhona nezilwanyana ezincane ukuthi ukuqedela umjikelezo futhi ubuyisele impahla ilimele emuva emkhathini, kodwa isimo esisha. Ngakho Ukwakheka kwezitho eziwukudla, okuyizinto abakhiqizi kubathengi futhi decomposers.

Izimuncagazi kukhona decomposers, njengoba zihambisana ngokugcwele incazelo kwabo nasendleleni yabo yokuphila. Zonke izingxenye eziwukudla yiwona asondelene sixhumene. Zixhumana kahle: ezinye ukuncela izinto ezihlukahlukene, futhi abanye ukukhululwa kwabo. Umoya-mpilo Ne-organic izinto kwemiqondo abakhiqizi niziklabise consuments aphefumule, abese decomposers.

heterotrophs

Lokhu umzimba ayikwazi Kuhlanganisa udaba eziphilayo kusuka wezinto ezingaphili. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinto eziphilayo khiqiza it futhi heterotrophic kuphela phuma eshalofini. Heterotrophs emphakathini - umyalelo abathengi ezahlukene kanye decomposers. Izimuncagazi kukhona heterotrophs, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi: abantu nezilwane, izitshalo kanye isikhunta, abakwazi nezilwanyana ezincane photosynthesis. Abanye-heterotrophic izitshalo, asinayo i-chlorophyll engekho nhlobo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Rafflesia futhi broomrape, futhi abanye isakhuluma balahlekelwe ngenye yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, dodder.

izitshalo ezidlayo

Yini bathanda? Izitshalo, izimuncagazi zihlanganisa lezo abalahlekelwe ikhono self-kumiswa organic compounds, isb ukuze inqubo ye-photosynthesis. Abanaso ikhiqize amandla amakhemikhali ukuze amandla aso nesihlalo ncela ubisi kusukela isitshalo umninindlu, okuyinto zidla. Ukuze sisinde, izimuncagazi bazihlanganise izimpande neziqu zezitshalo otshaliwe futhi zasendle. Ukulahlekelwa izakhi, izitshalo aphethe buthaka kakhulu futhi awukwazi ngendlela evamile. Qala zisale ngemuva ekukhuleni kanye efanele. Kulezi izitshalo, izithelo musa uvuthwe.

Izitshalo kukhona yisinanakazana dodder ezinye izilwane, ezifana clover ne-alfalfa. Lezi ukhula Awekho chlorophyll futhi izimpande. Ziyakwazi nge eside zabo, nezimo neziqu ahaqe ngokuphelele isitshalo aphethe futhi wethula kuwo. Stem izimuncagazi, okuhlanganisa dodder sucks ijusi kuze kuze isitshalo issushat ngokuphelele. Kukhona impande izimuncagazi, okuhlanganisa broomrape. It uhlasela izimpande sunflower, utamatisi, ugwayi, insangu.

Plant semiparasites

odla ngayo nazo izakhi aphethe isitshalo izinambuzane bazihlanganise izimpande noma neziqu. Kodwa semiparasites unekhono photosynthesize. Kodwa nokho, uma lesi sitshalo siyafa, ukhula-semiparasites lisaphila yedwa. Isibonelo salokhu Mistletoe, esesikhundleni chlorophyll, futhi unekhono ye-photosynthesis. Ezinye ukudla uveza poluparazit ngokuzimela elintantayo kwezicubu olujulile amaswidi aphethe isitshalo.

Mistletoe has izinhlobonhlobo eziningi, futhi cishe bonke of them are yisinanakazana ezihlahleni. Futhi Mistletoe zohlobo olulodwa uhlala buthule ezihlahleni ezahlukene. Kodwa ngokwemvelo kukhona subtypes, okuyinto ingashintshwa ukuze noma iyiphi olulodwa lomuthi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma Mistletoe ihlumela zikaphayini Lodge ku ipheya futhi baqala ukuba alibhubhise, ibutho nokwelukiweyo ukhuni omertveyut futhi Mistletoe uyafa.

amakhowe izimuncagazi

Nabo imvelo, kukhona kwezinhlobo ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ukuze bazigcine bephila, amakhowe, izimuncagazi zisebenzisa abanikelayo. Ziyakwazi izinambuzane, izilwane, izinhlanzi kanye nezitshalo. Indawo zokuhlala isikhunta kungenzeka izihlahla ezifile, izilwane, noma amaqabunga liwile. Ukuze isikhunta, izimuncagazi zihlanganisa rusts, smut, ergot. Ezisithintayo amazambane, ukolweni, oats nezinye izitshalo. Lokhu kuholela ezithela aphansi.

Ukuze isikhunta, izimuncagazi zihlanganisa Aspergillus futhi Cordyceps, indawo zokuhlala okuyizinto izinambuzane. Elinegciwane izinyosi mycelium ukhunta Aspergillus likhula masinyane. Lokhu kuholela lokunameka ikhava chitinous isinambuzane igobolondo elimhlophe. Bee uyafa. Ngokuqondene Cordyceps ukhunta, ngakho kubangcono ngisho: luhlala ngaphakathi luseyiqhamuza, feeds nezibilini zayo futhi ikhula kwangaphandle. Lapho lokho kwenzeka, isibungu uyafa. I eziyingozi kakhulu kukhona nezilinganiso amanita futhi pholiota.

ngezigaba ezidala

Kusekelwe criteria ehlukahlukene. Ake ucabangele ezinye zazo. izimuncagazi izindawo yilezi:

• ukuhlela Yangaphakathi ngaphakathi umzimba aphethe.
• eziphilayo yangaphandle phezu umzimba aphethe.

Ngesikhathi parasitism phakathi ukuthuthukiswa:

• Njalo - nemiphumela elimazayo phezu esaphila. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba trichomonas.
• Periodic - manifest nezikhathi ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, flatworms.
• Esifushane - isikhathi esisodwa noma eziningi nazo isikhathi esifushane ngendoda enesivakashi. Kungaba namazeze, iminyundu, izibankwa, izimbungulu, omiyane.

On the ubuhlobo nomnikazi amagciwane:

• Sinemibandela - inqubo yentuthuko amagciwane akukwazi ukuqedelwa umlomo nomlomo.
• Isihlobo - izimuncagazi esikhathini esithile ukuthuthukiswa futhi ukuphila.