Izimpawu zesulfure. Isicelo sulfure. Isibabule sezokwelapha

Chalcogens - iqembu lezici, ezifaka isibabule. Isibonakaliso saso samakhemikhali S, incwadi yokuqala yegama lesiLatini elithi Sulfur. Ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezilula kubhalwe nalesi simboli ngaphandle kwenkomba. Ake sicabangele izikhathi eziyisisekelo eziphathelene nesakhiwo, izakhiwo, ukwamukelwa nokusetshenziswa kwesici esinikeziwe. Izici ze-sulfur zizokwethula kabanzi.

Izimpawu ezivamile kanye nokwahlukana kwama-chalcogenes

Isibabule sibhekisela kwingxenyana ye-oxygen. Leli yiqembu le-16 esimweni sesimanje sesikhathi eside sesithombe sesistimu yesikhathi (PS). Isikhathi esiphelelwe yisikhathi senombolo nes index yi-VIA. Amagama ezakhi zamakhemikhali zeqembu, izimpawu zamakhemikhali:

• I-oksijeni (O);
• Isibabule (S);
• I-Selenium (Se);
• I-Tellurium (Te);
• I-Polonium (Po).

Igobolondo langaphandle le-elekthronikhi lezakhi ezingenhla lihlelwe ngokungafani. Ingqikithi, iqukethe ama- electron angu- 6 , angabamba iqhaza ekusungulweni kwesibopho samakhemikhali namanye ama-athomu. Amakhemikhali e-hydrogen ahambisana nokubunjwa kwe-H ₂ R, isibonelo, i-H ₂ S i-hydrogen sulfide. Amagama amakhemikhali amakhemikhali, akha ama-oksijeni ehlanganiswa izinhlobo ezimbili: isulfure, selenium ne-tellurium. Amafomula avamile we-oxides yalezi zakhi yi-RO ₂ , RO ₃ .

I-Chalcogen ihambelana nezinto ezilula, ezihluke ngokuphawulekayo ezindaweni ezibonakalayo. Okuvame kakhulu emkhakheni womhlaba wonke we-chalcogenes yi-oxygen nesulfure. Isici sokuqala sakha ama-gas amabili, okwesibini - ama-solids. I-Polonium - isakhi se-radioactive - ayitholakali kutholakala emkhawulweni womhlaba. Eqenjini ukusuka emoyeni kuya ku-polonium, izakhiwo ezingezansi zinciphisa futhi izakhiwo zensimbi zanda. Isibonelo, isibabule siyinto engavamile yensimbi, futhi i-tellurium ine-luster ensimbi kanye nokuqhutshwa kagesi.

Inombolo ye-Element ye-table ye-periodic D.I. I-Mendeleyev

Ubuningi be-athomu womzimba wesibabule ngu-32 066. E-isotopes yemvelo, ejwayelekile kakhulu yi- ³² S (ngaphezu kuka-95% ngesisindo). Kunamanani amancane ama-nuclides anesisindo sama-athomu angu-33, 34 no-36. Izici zesulfure ngokuma ku-PS nesakhiwo se-athomu:

• Inombolo ye serial ingu-16;
• Ukukhokhwa kwe-nucleus ye-athomu ku-+16;
• Ingqikithi ye-athomu ngu-0.104 nm;
• Ionization energy yi -10.36 eV;
• I-electronegativity ehlobeneyo i-2.6;
• Izinga le-oxidation emakhiweni ngu-+6, +4, +2, -2;
• I-Valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Isibabule sisesikhathini sesithathu; Ama-electron e-athomu atholakala kumazinga amathathu kagesi: ku-2 kuya kweyesibili, ngeyesibili kuya kweyesi-8, kwesithathu - 6. Wonke ama-electron angaphandle ahloniphekile. Uma uxhumana nezinye izakhi ze-electronegative, isulfure ikhulula ama-electron angu-4 noma ayisithupha, ukuthola ama-oxidation ejwayelekile e-+6, +4. Ekusebenzelaneni ne-hydrogen nezensimbi, i-athomu idonsela ama-electron ngaphambi kokugcwalisa i-octet futhi ifinyelele isimo esizinzile. I-degree of oxidation kuleli cala incishisiwe ibe yi--2.

Izakhiwo zomzimba zamafomu allotropic we-rhombic ne-monoclinic

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ama-athomu esibabule ahlangene ndawonye ekhoneni kuya emaketangeni azinzile. Zingavalwa emasongweni, okuvumela ukuthi sikhulume ngokukhona kwama-molecule e-sulfur. Ukubunjwa kwabo kubonisa ukuthi amafomula S ₆ no-S ₈ .

Isici sesibabule kufanele sihlanganiswe ngencazelo yokwahlukana phakathi kokuguqulwa kwe-allotropic enezinto ezihlukahlukene zomzimba.

I-rhombic noma i-α-sulfur ifomu elikhambelanako lokukristallini. Lezi zikristalu ezikhanyayo eziphuzi ezihlanganisa ama-molecule ayi-S ₈ . Ubuningi be-sulfur rhombic yi-2.07 g / cm3. Amakristalu aphuzi okwesibhakabhaka sefomu monoclinic akhiwa yi-β-sulfure enobukhulu buka-1.96 g / cm3. Iphuzu lokubilisa lifinyelela ku-444.5 ° C.

Ukulungiselela isulfure amorphous

Yimuphi umbala isibabule esimweni sepulasitiki? Ubunzima obumnyama obunzima, ngokungafani nezephuphu eliphuzi noma amakristalu. Ukuze uwuthole, udinga ukuncibilikisa i-rhombic noma isulfure monoclinic. Ebusini lokushisa olungaphezulu kuka-110 ° C, amafomu e-liquide, ngokushisa okuqhubekayo kuba mnyama, ngo-200 ° C uba mnandi futhi ube nesibindi. Uma lesi sulfure esincibilikisiwe sisheshe sithele emanzini abandayo, sizoqinisa ukwakha amaketanga e-zigzag okubunjwa kwawo kubonisa ifomu S _n .

Umswakama wesibabule

Okunye ukuguqulwa kwalesi sakhi kuhlakazwa ku-carbon disulphide, benzene, toluene kanye ne-ammonia yamanzi. Uma izixazululo eziphilayo zihlihliwe kancane kancane, kukhona ama-crystal e-sulfur angama-monoclinic. Ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwamanzi, uketshezi olumbala olune-lemon-yellow okwesibhakabhaka se-rhombic luhlukanisiwe. Zibuthakathaka, zingaba kalula zibe yi-powder. Isibabule asichithi emanzini. Ama-crystals awela phansi ezitsheni, futhi i-powder ingakwazi ukuhamba phezu komhlaba (ayixulwanga).

Izakhi ze-Chemical

Izakhiwo ezingavamile zensimbi ze-element No. 16 zivela ekuphenduleni:

• I-sulphuri ikhiqiza insimbi ne-hydrogen, iyancishiswa ibe yi-S ² ion;
• Uma kushaywa emoyeni nase-oksijini, i-di-sulfudi ne-sulfudi isakhiwe, okuyi-anhydride ye-asidi;
• Ukuphendula ngokunye okunye okuyi-electronegative element - i-fluorine - isibabule nayo ilahlekelwa ama-electron ayo (i-oxyidized).

Isibabule samahhala emvelo

Njengokwanda komkhawulo womhlaba, isibabule sisezindaweni eziyi-15 phakathi kwezici zamakhemikhali. Okuqukethwe okujwayelekile kwama-athomu e-S emadwaleni nakumaminerali kungu-0.05% wobuningi bomhlaba.

Yimuphi umbala isulfure emvelweni (ozalwa)? Leli powder eliphuzi elikhanyayo elinomunwe wombala noma amakristalu aphuzi ane-sheen engilazi. Ama-deposithi afana nama-placers, izingqimba ze-crystalline zesulfure zitholakala ezindaweni ezintaba-mlilo ezindala nezanamuhla: e-Italy, ePoland, e-Asia Ephakathi, eJapane, eMexico nase-USA. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi sokukhipha, kutholakala amadrama amahle namakhemikhali angama-single.

Hydrogen sulfide kanye ne-oxides emvelo

Ezindaweni ze-volcanism, ama-sulfur gasesous sulfur ashiya phezulu. ULwandle Olumnyama olujule ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-200 alupheli ngenxa yokukhululwa kwe-hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S. I-formula yesulfure dioxide i-bivalent-SO ₂ , i-trivalent-SO ₃ . Amakhemikhali aqhathaniswa amakhemikhali atholakale kwamanye amafutha, igesi, namanzi emvelo. Isibabule siyingxenye yamalahle. Kubalulekile ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali amaningi. Lapho ebola amaprotheni amaqanda ezinkukhu, kukhishwa i-hydrogen sulphide, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kuthiwa leli gazi lizwa amaqanda abolile. Isibabule sisho izakhi ze-biogenic, kubalulekile ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, izilwane nezitshalo.

Ukubaluleka kwama-sulfide yemvelo nama-sulfathi

Isici sesibabule ngeke siphelele, uma singasho ukuthi le nto ayitholakali nje ngesimo sempahla elula ne-oxydes. Amakhemikhali ajwayelekile kakhulu emvelo ayinsalela ye-hydrogen sulphide ne-sulfuric acid. I-Sulphides yethusi, insimbi, i-zinc, i-mercury, iholayo itholakala emaminini we-chalcopyrite, i-pyrite, i-sphalerite, i-cinnamar ne-galena. Ama-sulfati angabizwa ngokuthi i-sodium, i-calcium, i-barium ne-magnesium usawoti, okwenza amaminerali namatshe emvelo (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). Zonke lezi zinhlanganisela zithola uhlelo lokusebenza emagatsheni ahlukene omnotho, zisetshenziselwa izinto eziwusizo zokucubungula izimboni, umanyolo, izinto zokwakha. Inani lezokwelapha ze-hydrate ezinye ze-crystalline nazo zikhulu.

Ukuthola

Into engumbala ophuzi kuhulumeni wamahhala itholakala emvelweni ezindaweni ezijulile. Uma kunesidingo, isibabule sitholakala emadwaleni, ngaphandle kokuwaphakamisela phezulu, kodwa ngokumathisela ukujula kwamanzi omphefumulayo futhi umoya ocindezelekile. Enye indlela ihilela ukwehlukaniswa kwamatshe aqhephukile emahheni akhethekile. Ezinye izindlela zihilela ukuchithwa ne-carbon disulphide noma ukuhamba.

Izidingo zomkhakha wesibabule zikhulu, ngakho-ke, ukuthola imithi eyisisekelo, izinhlanganisela zayo zisetshenziswa. Esikhathini sulfure nesulfure, isulfure itholakele. I-degree of oxidation ye-element is -2. Ukuxiliswa kwesulfure kwenziwa, ukuphakamisa leli xabiso libe ngu-0. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokusho kweLeblan, i-sulfate ye-sodium inciphisa ngamalahle ku-sulfide. I-calcium sulphide iyatholakala kuwo, iphathwe nge-carbon dioxide nomoya wamanzi. I-hydrogen sulphide ephumela ku-oxidized air oksijeni lapho kune-catalyst: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O + ₂ S. Ukuzimisela kwesulfure etholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene ngezinye izikhathi kunika amanani ahlanzekile aphansi. Ukuhlanza noma ukuhlanza kwenziwa nge-distillation, ukulungiswa, ukwelashwa nge-mix mix.

Isicelo sulfure embonini yanamuhla

Ama-granules aseSulfur asetshenziselwa izidingo ezahlukene zokukhiqiza:

1. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sulfuric acid embonini yamakhemikhali.
2. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-sulfite nama-sulfate.
3. Ukukhishwa kwamalungiselelo okutshala izitshalo, ukulwa nezifo nezinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo.
4. Ama-ores ane-sulfur aqukethe ezimayini kanye nezitshalo zamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinsimbi ezingenabensi. Ukukhiqizwa okuhambisana nalokhu yi-sulfuric acid.
5. Isingeniso sokwakhiwa kwamanye amamaki amashayeli wokunikeza izakhiwo ezikhethekile.
6. Ngenxa ye-rubber vulcanization, i-raber ikhiqizwa.
7. Ukukhiqizwa kwemidlalo, i-pyrotechnics, iziqhumane.
8. Sebenzisa ukulungiswa kwamapende, ama-pigments, amafayili okufakelwa.
9. Ukuhlwitha kwezicubu.

Inobuthi yesulfure nama-compounds ayo

Izinhlayiya ezinamanzi ezinomphefumulo ongajabulisayo zicasula izibilini ezinamanzi emgodini omsulwa kanye nomzila wokuphefumula, amehlo, isikhumba. Kodwa ubuthi be-sulfur elemental awubhekwa ngokukhethekile kakhulu. Ukuphuza i-hydrogen sulphide ne-dioxide kungabangela ubuthi obukhulu.

Uma ngesikhathi sokudubula kwezitshalo ezifakwe esibabule ezitshalweni ze-metallurgical, amafaysi amfucuza awafakiwe, bese angena emkhathini. Ukuhlanganiswa ngamaconsi amanzi nomoya wamanzi, i-sulfur ne-nitrogen oxides kudala okuthiwa yimvula ye-acid.

Sulfure kanye nama-compounds alo kwezolimo

Izitshalo zithatha i-sulfate ions kanye nesisombululo somhlabathi. Ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwesibabule kuholela ekunciphiseni kwe-metabolism yama-amino acids namaprotheni emaqenjini aluhlaza. Ngakho-ke, ama-sulfates asetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo zezolimo.

Ukuze kutholakale ukungcola kwezinkukhu, izindlu zemifino, izitolo zemifino, imithi elula ishiswa noma ilashwe ngamalungiselelo anamuhla anesibabule. I-sulfur oxide inezindawo zokulwa namagciwane, okuye kwasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ekukhiqizeni iwayini, lapho igcina imifino nezithelo. Ama-sulfur amalungiselelo asetshenziswa njengezibulala-zinambuzane zokulwa nezifo nezinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo (powdery isikhutha kanye nesicabucabu).

Isicelo emithi

Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwanikezwa ekutadisheni izindawo zokuphulukisa ze-powder ephuzi ngabahlengikazi abaningi base-Avicenna naseParacelsus. Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi umuntu ongawutholi isulfure ngokwanele ngokudla, obuthakathaka, unezinkinga zempilo (lezi zibandakanya ukucheka nokukhwabanisa isikhumba, ukwehlisa izinwele nezipikili). Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphandle kwesibabule, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acids, keratin, nezinqubo ze-biochemical emzimbeni kuphazamiseka.

Isibabule sezokwelapha kufakwe amafutha okugcoba izifo zesikhumba: ama-acne, i-eczema, i-psoriasis, imithi yokwelapha, i-seborrhea. Amabhati anesulfure anganciphisa ubuhlungu ku-rheumatism ne-gout. Ukwenza kahle umzimba udale izidakamizwa eziqukethe amanzi nezimo eziyi-sulfur. Akuyona i-powder ephuzi, kodwa isici esihle sokukristallini sombala omhlophe. Ngokusetshenziswa kwangaphandle kwalesi sakhi, kufakwa kumkhiqizo wokunakekela isikhumba sezithombeni.

Sekuyisikhathi eside i-Gypsum isetshenziselwa ukukhubazeka kwezingxenye zomzimba zomzimba ezimele. Usawoti kaGlauber unqunywe njengomuthi we-laxative. I-Magnesia inciphisa ukucindezelwa kwegazi, okusetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwegazi.

Sulfure emlandweni

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, indaba ephuzi ephuzi yayiheha abantu. Kodwa kuphela ngo-1789 iLavoisier omkhulu wemithi yemithi yasungula ukuthi i-powder nama-crystals atholakele emvelweni ahlanganisa ama-athomu esibabule. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi iphunga elimnandi elivela ekushiseni kwalo, liyesaba yonke imimoya emibi. I-sulfur oxide formula, etholakala ngokushisa, yi-SO ₂ (i-dioxide). Kuyinto igesi eliyingozi, inhalation yayo iyingozi empilweni. Amacala amaningana wokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi ngamadolobhana asemaphandleni, ezindaweni eziphansi, ososayensi bachaza ngokukhululeka kwe-hydrogen sulfide noma i-sulfur dioxide emhlabeni noma emanzini.

Ukwenziwa kwamapulangwe amnyama kwandisa isithakazelo emakristini aphuzi avela empini. Izimpi eziningi zanqotshwa ngenxa yokwazi kwamakhosi ukuhlanganisa isibabule nezinye izinto ekwenzeni iziqhumane. Ikomidi elibaluleke kunazo zonke - i-asidi ye-sulfuric - nayo yafunda ukusebenzisa isikhathi eside kakhulu. Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, le nto yayibizwa ngamafutha e-vitriolic, nama-salri - vitriol. I-copper sulfate CuSO _{4 ne-} vitriol yensimbi ye-FeSO ₄ ayizange ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo embonini nasezolimo.