Izidumbu nezindawo zasemadolobheni: inhlabathi, isimo sezulu, inyamazane

Izidumbu zasemgwaqeni yilezi zindawo ezomileyo, ezomile zeplanethi, lapho kungabi khona ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-25 emvula yonyaka. Isici esibaluleke kunawo wonke ekubunjweni kwawo kungumoya. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amahlane ahlangabezana nesimo sezulu esishisayo, ezinye zazo, ngokuphambene nalokho, zibhekwa njengezindawo ezibandayo kakhulu zomhlaba. Abamele izitshalo nezilwane baye bahambisane nezimo ezinzima kulezi zindawo.

Zifika kanjani amahlane nezindawo zasemadolobheni?

Izizathu zokwakha amahlane ziningi. Isibonelo, ehlane lase-Atacama, kunemvula encane ngoba itholakala ezinyaweni zezintaba, ezikumboza emvula kanye nama-crests.

Iziqhingi zeqhwa zakhiwe ngezinye izizathu. E-Antarctica nase-Arctic, inqwaba yeqhwa iwela ogwini, kuya ezindaweni ezingaphakathi, amafu eqhwa asheshe afinyelele. Izinga lemvula ikakhulu lihluka kakhulu, isibonelo, uma kuneqhwa elilodwa, isibonelo, izinga lonyaka lingase liwe. Lezi ziqhwa zeqhwa zakhiwa ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka.

Izidumbu ezishisayo zikhululekile kakhulu. Ezinye zazo zihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nesihlabathi. Ubuningi bomphakathi bugcwala ngamatshe, amatshe nezinye izinhlobo ezahlukene. Izidumbu cishe zivulekele ngokuphelele ukuphefumula. Ukuphefumula okunamandla emoyeni kuthatha izingcezu zamatshe amancane bese ubashaya emadwaleni.

Ehlane lamahlane, umoya uthwala isihlabathi ngokusebenzisa insimu, okwenza idiphozi engabonakali ebizwa ngokuthi ama-dunes. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezintundlu yizintundane. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuphakama kwabo kungafinyelela kumamitha angu-30. Amadonsa amakhulu angaba nobude bamamitha angu-100 futhi anwebe ngamakhilomitha ayikhulu.

Izimo zokushisa

Isimo sezulu sezinkangala kanye nokuqothulwa kwemifino ehlukene kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo, amazinga okushisa emini angasifinyelela ku-52 ° C. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokungabi khona kwamafu emkhathini, ngakho-ke, akukho lutho olusindisa ukukhanya kwelanga. Ebusuku, izinga lokushisa liyancishiswa kakhulu, eliphinde lichazwe ukungabi khona kwamafu, okukwazi ukulibazisa ukushisa okwenziwe phansi.

Emadlelweni ashisayo, imvula iyinto engavamile, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kunezihlambi ezinamandla lapha. Ngemuva kwemvula, amanzi awangena emhlabathini, kodwa ngokushesha ageleza kusuka phezulu, ahlanza izinhlayiya zenhlabathi namatshe amatshe emigodini eyomile, ebizwa nge-wadi.

Indawo yezinkangala kanye nezindawo ezikude

Ezimakontineni, ezisezindaweni ezisenyakatho, kukhona amahlane nezindawo zasemadolobheni ezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba nezifudumele. Ngezinye izikhathi futhi kunezindawo ezishisayo - endaweni ephansi yase-Indo-Gangetic, e-Arabia, eMexico, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-USA. E-Eurasia, izindawo ezigwadule zase-extratropical zisezintabeni zaseCaspian, ezigodini zaseCentral Asia naseNingizimu Kazakh, emgodini wase-Asia Ephakathi nasezintabeni zase-Upper Asia. Izakhiwo zasehlane lase-Central Asia zibhekene nesimo sezulu sezwekazi esibukhali.

Engxenyeni yaseningizimu, amahlane nezindawo zasemaphandleni zenzeka kancane kancane. Ama-form anjalo ehlane newasehlane njengamaNibib, i-Atakama, amafomu enkangala ogwini lwasePeru naseVenezuela, eVictoria, eKhahari, eDibson Desert, eSimpson, eGran Chaco, ePatagonia, eNdabeni Enhle Yesihlabathi kanye naseCarrh semi-desert eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeAfrika.

Izidumbu ze-polar zikhona eziqhingini zasezwekazi ezifundazweni zangaphambili zase-Eurasia, eziqhingini zase-Canadian archipelago, enyakatho yeGreenland.

Izilwane

Izilwane zasogwadule kanye nezidumbu ezinomphela iminyaka eminingi ezikhona ezindaweni ezinjalo ziye zakwazi ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezimbi zezulu. Kusukela emakhazeni nokushisa, bafihla eminyangweni engaphansi komhlaba kanye nokudla, ikakhulukazi, izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo. Phakathi kwalabo abamele imfuyo kukhona izinhlobo eziningi zezidumbu: izimpungushe zezinkukhu, izinhlanga zamhlanga, ama-cougars, ama-coyotes ngisho nama-tiger. Isimo sezulu sezinkangala kanye nokuqothulwa kwezindawo ezithintekayo kwafaka isandla ekwenzeni ukuthi izilwane eziningi zakhiwe ngokuhlelekile kwe-thermoregulation system. Ezinye izakhamuzi zasehlane ziyakwazi ukumelana nokulahlekelwa uketshezi kwesisindo sesithathu sesisindo (isibonelo, ama-geckos, amakamela), futhi phakathi kwama-invertebrates kunezinhlobo ezikwazi ukulahlekelwa amanzi kuya kokubili kwezintathu zesisindo sabo.

ENyakatho Melika nase-Asia, kunezinambuzane eziningi, ikakhulukazi izimbungulu eziningi. Izinyoka ezivamile zivamile: i-ephi, izinyoka ezihlukahlukene ezinobuthi, izibungu. Kulezi zilwane ezinkulu kukhona ama-saigas, izilwane, amakamela, hornhorn, nje nje ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky linyamalale (ekuthunjweni lingafunyanwa).

Izilwane zasemgwaqeni nasezintabeni zasemakhaya zaseRussia zinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane eziyingqayizivele. Ezindaweni zasemgwaqeni zezwe kukhona amahares aphilayo-ama-sandwall, i-hedgehogs, i-kulan, i-jayman, izinyoka ezinobuthi. Emaphandleni asezindaweni zaseRussia, ungaphinde uhlangane nezinhlobo ezimbili zezicabucabu - karakurt ne-tarantula.

Izidumbu ze-polar zakhiwa ibhere le-polar, inkomo yama-musk, i-fox yama-arctic nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni.

Imifino

Uma sikhuluma ngezimila, khona-ke ehlane nasemasimini ahlukene, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-cactus, utshani obunzima, ama-psammophyte, i-ephedra, i-acacia, i-saxaul, insipho , isundu sesinkwa, i-lichen edible kanye nezinye.

Izidumbu nezindawo zasemadolobheni: inhlabathi

Umhlabathi, njengomthetho, awunamakhemikhali ahlanzekile, ayenama-soluble amanzi ayenziwa ngokubunjwa kwawo. Izindleko zokudala ezindala-nezindleko ezihamba phambili zihlala phakathi kwamadwala enhlabathi, aphethwe yimimoya. Inhlabathi ebomvu enombala inomthelela emathafeni aphakeme. Izidumbu nazo zibhekwa yi-solonchaks, okungukuthi, inhlabathi equkethe amaphesenti angu-1 ama-salut ayenamathele kalula. Ngaphezu kwezilwandle, ama-solonchaks atholakale nasezintabeni nasezintabeni. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, aqukethe usawoti, uma efakwe emhlabathini ungaphansi kwendawo engaphezulu, okuholela ekutheni usawoti wehlabathi utholakale.

Ngokuqinisekile ezinye izinhlobo zemhlabathi ziyizici zezindawo ezinjalo zezulu njengezindawo eziqothulwa emazweni angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezidumbu ezincane. Umhlabathi kulezi zindawo unombala othize we-orange nombala obomvu. Ehloniphekile kumathunzi ayo, ithola igama elifanele - i-krasnozem nephuzi. Ebandleni elisezindaweni ezisenyakatho enyakatho ye-Afrika naseNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika kunezinkangala lapho kwakhiwa khona umhlabathi ompunga. Kwamanye amafucu egwadule ashisayo, kwakhiwa inhlabathi ebomvu-yellow.

Izindawo zemvelo zamahlane nezindawo zasemadolobheni ezihlukahlukene zinezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamazwe, izimo zezulu, izitshalo nezilwane. Naphezu kwentukuthelo enobudlova nenonya yamahlane, lezi zifunda ziye zaba ikhaya lezilwane eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane.