Izibonelo eziphuthumayo. Ukuzamazama komhlaba, isiphepho, izikhukhula

Izibonelo zezimo eziphuthumayo kuye kwaba okungabizi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi izenzakalo zemvelo kungaholela enhlekeleleni. Amandla izingozi zemvelo ngokuvamile abhubhisayo futhi kuholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu ezimbi. Minyaka yonke, ososayensi eqoshiwe abangaba yizigidi ezingu-1 ka kunyakaza zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye microseismic zomhlaba. Mayelana 100 kulo bayizinkulungwane lizwakale abantu, futhi 1000 abangela umonakalo omkhulu. Nivame kunyakaza zokuzamazama komhlaba: endaweni yaseMediterranean, eningizimu-Eurasia yayigcwele bevela ePortugal, kuse ecaleni lasentshonalanga zone esisempumalanga Malay Archipelago endaweni Pacific, okuyinto lizungezwe ePacific Ocean. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izintaba zokhahlamba: Andes Cordillera, eCrimea, zaseHimalaya, eCaucasus, le Carpathians, le Apennines kanye Alps.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba kulinganiswa ngezinga elingelikhulu 12-iphuzu seismology. push engaqinile iqinile njengoba elinye iphuzu. isikolo ngasinye esisha kusho ukuthi omunye push ngaphezulu izikhathi 10 kuka kulowo odlule. ukuzamazama komhlaba Iningi ukuthusa eqoshiwe ngo-1906 e-California (USA) - amaphuzu 10, ngo-1923 e-Japan - amaphuzu angaphezu kuka-10. Abafile lapha, kukhona abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-150. Ngo-1928, ehlaselwe ukuzamazama 8 amaphuzu Spitak. Lo muzi wachithwa ngokuphelele, abashonile kubantu abangaphezu kuka-25 eziyinkulungwane. Champions ngenani kanye amandla okuzamazama komhlaba kubhekwe Chile naseJapane.

Ososayensi baye bodokotela engaphezu kuka-1000 kunyakaza eliwumhlaba ngonyaka kula mazwe. Ukundindizela siqine emhlabeni avele eduze iziqhingi Japanese Suruga futhi Sagami. iyehla iyenyuka engaqinile ebonwe Niigata. Izakhamuzi bajwayele ngakho kule ukuthi awuzange wakhathazeka kakhulu. City ihlangabezana ukulahlekelwa okukhulu: falling signboards futhi ngobumnene unyakazisa endlini.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba e-Japan

A ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu ngo-Japan, kukhona endaweni evulekile. Emhlabathini, umhlaba imifantu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ziba ebanzi, inhlabathi ngokuhlaziya, sengathi ngezinye ukunakwa. Uma kunyakaza ngendlela emangalisayo asebenzayo, umhlaba ngokoqobo uhlanekezelwe jerks mihlobiso.

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungabonakala nasemkhakheni Japan (1923) e-South Kanto. iphuzu komhlaba kwaba ngaphansi Sagami Bay. On ogwini yayo ezibhujisiwe cishe zonke izindlu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba eJapane, ezibuhlungu kunazo zonke bonke.

Emizini Yokohama futhi Tokyo wabusa ukwethuka. Ngo inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane wabulala abantu 6000. Umlilo eyalandela wabhubhisa cishe wonke umuzi. iyehla iyenyuka Namandla iphutha phakathi nengxenye ngosuku lwesibili.

Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, yonke indawo kwakukhona imililo esivuthayo. umoya Gusty eyenziwa ngomlilo yonke indawo. emaphaketheni Eminye nomlilo kuxutshaniswe nomunye, futhi ngokushesha kakade ovuthayo bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Abantu babegijima yonke indawo ukuze babalekele umlilo. Ngakho, phakathi nalesi komhlaba dengwane-3.5 million abantu Japanese futhi abantu abangu-150 000 bafa. IJapane alahlekelwa inhlekelele, njengoba ingaphezulu izikhathi 5 kuka izindleko wezwe empini Russian-Japanese.

izintaba-mlilo

Ososayensi baye kubika inkulungwane nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo. Njalo eminyakeni 2 kuya mlilo ekhona unezela abasha abathathu. Kuyinto mkhuba ezingalindelekile futhi emangalisayo! Ngokusho ososayensi, mlilo uqala ukuvela emhlabeni iminyaka 4 billion edlule.

Le ntaba-mlilo endala itholakala e-Ukraine. Igama Kara-Dag. Izintaba-mlilo ziqhume mandla eyalwiwa eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-150 edlule. Okwamanje, Kara-Dag akuyona usongo, akunakwenzeka ukusho ngakho nezinye nozakwabo abadumile.

Krakatau intabamlilo itholakala e-Indonesia u-Sunda Strait. ukuqhuma esibi ovela yembathani entabeni kwakukhona ngo-1883. It waloba ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi igagasi ukushaqeka wazungeza wonke intabamlilo izikhathi 7 futhi kubangelwa-tsunami giant ukuthi ifinyelele ukuphakama 30 metres! Ngenxa yalokho kulezi zinkanyezi mayelana amadolobha 300 nasemizaneni kwabhujiswa.

Abantu abangu ngokoqobo kushiswe ifu evuthayo igesi ukhiphe yi intabamlilo. Istria isayensi ukuqhuma Krakatoa iyona enamandla kunazo. Amandla amandla akhe in izikhathi eziyinkulungwane 200 ephakeme ukwedlula iziqhumane zasemkhathini owabhubhisa Hiroshima!

ukubhujiswa okunzima Krakatau wabhubhisa uqobo, kodwa ngo-1927, abacwaningi bathola mlilo entsha. Abantu base-Indonesia wamnika igama ka-Anaki Krakatau, okusho "Ingane ka Krakatoa". Minyaka yonke, intabamlilo abasha unezela ekukhuleni amamitha kusuka 3 kuya ku-7.

Ababemzungezile akukho zokuhlala. Izibonelo eziphuthumayo ziphoqe uhulumeni Indonesian ukuphoqelela kuvinjelwe nendawo yokuhlala sabantu eduze nentaba-mlilo. Kodwa endaweni uqobo abayozuza kulo! Kulesi zone atholakala nezimpisi obomvu, izingulube zasendle, nengwe empunga nezokugcina iplanethi esisele noYavan obhejane.

iVesuvius

Lokhu intabamlilo itholakala e-Italy. Kukhona neze umuntu ongakaze ezwe iVesuvius. Amandla kuqhuma wabhubhisa yasePompeii, hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi emzini Stabiae nelaseHerculaneum.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside entabeni kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ethule ingalali intabamlilo. Kodwa ngo '79, lapho isizwe Italian kwaba ilindele izilwi elwa, ifu esibhakabhakeni. Yamila emehlweni akhe, ngilale wonke umlotha. Ekugcineni, ebusweni kwelanga wanyamalala futhi kuvele ebumnyameni kuyesabeka.

YasePompeii wanyamalala ngaphansi ungqimba imitha emithathu umlotha. Lokhu ngendaba ebuhlungu etshelwa izimbongi futhi immortalized ngabaculi. Amanxiwa omuzi wasendulo edonsela phezu 3 million izivakashi ngonyaka ngamunye.

Eruption 2014

Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, izinhlanzi ochwepheshe waloba umsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba endaweni Bárðarbunga. Nokho, ngasekupheleni le ntaba-mlilo ehlobo wenza abantu baqala ukukhathazeka kakhulu. Uhlevane lokuqala kanye bacwaningi baqopha umsebenzi magma kugrafu: "Ukuqhuma, 2014 August 18". UHulumeni Icelandic, bakhathazekile ukuncibilika zamaqhwa sivale umgwaqo mnozhestno izindlela. Esiphuthumayo bendawo eseqala ukuveza 20 Agasti 2014. Izivakashi abaye bavakashela e-Iceland futhi, baphoqeleka ukuba baphindele ekhaya. Eruption Bárðarbunga wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-Okthoba 2014.

imililo

Izibonelo eziphuthumayo abonisa ukuthi ngokushesha nje abantu bafunda sokwakha isakhiwo izakhiwo ezenziwe ngokhuni nensada izinto ezingase zibambe umlilo, imililo baqala ukuvela. Omunye imililo ezibuhlungu kunazo livelile emzini Boston (1872).

iziko Crazy kuye kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu wezimali izakhamuzi endaweni. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakukhona umlilo, esimweni esiphuthumayo uye bancishwa izinkulungwane bendawo angaphansi ezindlu zabo eziyizitezi. Amakhulu izinkampani eziningi izinkampani zomshuwalense yimali kwabhujiswa.

Uchungechunge amaphutha abanye nokungaboni ngaso linye sezishiye lokho zishisa izindlu 766 futhi abantu abangu-20 enkabeni yedolobha. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni umemezele ukukhiya uhlelo ivimbelwe. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngoba imibiko yamanga njalo. Ngenhlanhla, ngaphakathi spite of ukulahlekelwa ezinkulukazi ngaleso sikhathi (izigidi ezingu-70 zamaRandi), Boston wakwazi hlola emva kweminyaka 2.

London ivutha e 1212. Umlilo sabulala abantu abangaba 3,000, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu edolobheni lalibhidlike. Lokhu akulona umlilo wokuqala emlandweni London. Ngaphambi kwalokhu inhlekelele umlilo kwaba ngo 1130 kanye 1135, ngokulandelana. Lo muzi omkhulu ashisiwe izikhathi 6. Umlilo ngobukhulu nguye ezenzeka 1666. Esikhathini umlilo Kushone abantu abayisithupha, kodwa umlilo ngenxa yomonakalo sina ngezinto zawo ezibonakalayo ukuze London, ekubhubhiseni imizi engaphezu kuka 13.200 futhi amasonto 80.

Into kuphela ukuthi wenze lesi umlilo kahle - wabhubhisa emijondolo engcolile elihlobene ne Kwande Omkhulu. Lolu hlobo yokuhlanza wasiza kamuva London abuyiselwe emva izindawo umlilo kakade bahlanza. Omunye umlilo amadlingozi edolobheni laseRoma kwenzeka ngo-1964.

Umlilo eRoma futhi hhayi kuphela

Izinganekwane ngalokhu inhlekelele umlilo hamba kuze kube yilolu suku. Omunye wabo ukuthi uNero uMbusi isinqumo ukukhaphela eRoma ilangabi ukuhlanza indawo ukwakha isigodlo sakhe esikhathini esizayo ngamabomu. Kodwa le nguqulo akusekelwe ebufakazini, futhi ngenxa yalokho waqhubeka ezingeni kuwukuqagela. Nakuba, kamuva uMbusi empeleni esakhiwe phezu amanxiwa esigodlo ocebile, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa amandla akhe kunqatshelwe.

Ngokwe-amaqiniso angokomlando, amalangabi zahlasela eRoma izinsuku 5. Izazi-mlando azisizi omunye emadolobheni 8 ezaziwayo emhlabeni katasroficheskimi umlilo! Lokhu Chicago (1871), e-San Francisco (1906), Peshtigo (1871), Texas City (1967), Halifax (1917), Tokyo (1923). Ikakhulukazi bahlukunyezwe izinhlekelele zemvelo Tokyoites.

Lo muzi kanyekanye zihlaselwa ukuzamazama, bese wazithola wasibekela amalangabi. umoya Gusty eyenziwa ngomlilo bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Abantu bazame ukubalekela emaphandleni evulekile, kodwa akazange abasindise ekulimaleni nasekufeni.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi omunye izigcawu edolobheni ubophekile kusukela intuthu ezungeze izakhiwo evuthayo abantu abangaphezu kuka-35 eziyinkulungwane ezaziwayo. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-500,000 balahlekelwa, efile Tokyo abantu abalwa 174.000. Abasinda belukhumbula ememeza: "! Fire eziphuthumayo" imililo Hhayi ezincane iphutha e-Amsterdam (1421 1452 iminyaka), eMoscow (1547 1812 iminyaka), Copenhagen (1728 iminyaka 1795).

On the indawo eRussia wokugcina 3 iminyaka imililo ezilotshwe izitshalo zezimboni: e eYekaterinburg (2012) prozoshlo umlilo ngesikhathi isitshalo ifenisha, futhi kuyi-Leningrad ifektri lokukhanda. Ulwazi mayelana kwalimala khona.

Ngo-2013, kwakunabamemezeli imililo: ku yokubhaka ebhikawozi Plasvkom Tula esifundeni, ku ethangini epulazini esifundeni sase-Irkutsk. Ngo-2014, laqhuma igesi ingxube, ngemuva kwalokho kuqubuka umlilo Omsk isitshalo esitolo. Ngo-February ka lowo nyaka kwaba khona umlilo ngesikhathi Petrochemical isitshalo "Stavrolen" emzini Budennovsk. Ukuqedwa umlilo senzeka ngezigaba. Kwathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Kuvele eziphuthumayo ophoqelelwe ahlupheke ngenxa yokulimala kanye ukusha abantu 11.

Hurricanes kanye neziphepho

Lezi izinhlekelele zemvelo zihlobene izenzakalo sezulu emoyeni. Active umsebenzi cyclonic emkhathini kunomthelela iziphepho, izivunguvungu nasesiphephweni. Lezi zemvelo lingachazwa ngokuthi ingcindezi air uquqaba nge amandla athile kanye ashukumisayo umthelela Propellant senzo. Izithombe iziphepho kanye neziphepho ngokucacile kusinika isithombe monster enamandla.

On insimu Russian Hurricanes ngokuvamile Kuril Islands, Chukotka, eKamchatka, Sakhalin, eKhabarovsk nezifunda Primorsky. Ngokuvamile, iziphepho zenzeka ekwindla kanye kungase kuhambisane snowfalls, isichotho, izimvula. Crushing umoya ukwazi ukukuthwala amaphaphu isakhiwo, ilimaze izakhiwo eziqinile sokudiliza futhi wadabule izihlahla ngezimpande.

Izibonelo eziphuthumayo bayaqiniseka ukuthi ngesikhathi isiphepho futhi tornado kubantu asongelwa sina, ukulimala kanye nokufa imbala. Omunye iziphepho esiqine nguye uqulekile 1780, esiqhingini saseCaribbean. umoya Elemental wahamba kwamandla alo kusuka Newfoundland kuya Barbados. Ngokusho ososayensi, kulesi siphepho sabulala abantu abangaba izinkulungwane 22. Engaphezu kuka-600,000 izakhamizi basala dengwane. Seven imitha wave isiphepho acekela cishe wonke amadolobhana. Abazibonele okukhulunywa ukuthi isici emoyeni ubephelezelwa i imvula Amazing ngokoqobo ngadabula amagxolo off izihlahla ngaphambi kokuba yezingodo.

Isayensi uyazi omunye isiphepho enegama elihle "Catherine". Wazalwa eBahamas ngo-2005, wathola amandla futhi yathulula ukufutheka kwayo ogwini American. Iziphathimandla babengawulungele sokuchuma okunjalo okusheshayo izenzakalo. isiphepho esibhubhisayo ufune ukuphila kwabantu 1836.

ERussia ke eqoshiwe tornado e Lublin, eyawela ngoJuni 29, 1904. Abazibonele bathi emini kwaba mnyama. Esikhaleni osezulwini ubelokhu nemibani. I yagxila kunenkanyamba waqala e Lublin ke ngathuthela Simonov Isigodlo, endaweni Rogozhsky yazulazula ohlangothini Lefortovo, ekuthumbeni zombili izinhlangothi Yauza. Emigwaqweni okwakubaluleke zicatshangwe! Abantu babalekela emizini yabo, dodging flying kuwo kwamapulangwe, izitini ngothayela kusukela ophahleni. umoya onamandla umsindo Crackle, nihewule, ukubhonga ungethuki. Lokhu tornado okwathatha imizuzu isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezimbili, kodwa abazibonele kwenzeke lo mbukwane isikhathi eside balandisa ngendlela abazizwa ngayo. Bakhandwa ikakhulukazi eshaywa yokuthi omunye ezindlela ezibanzi labhujiswa udonga okuqinile itshe. Massive Isiqu okuqinile kwaba sikhubazekile elele endleleni.

isikhukhula

kwezulu isikhathi eside futhi elisindayo ngesimo shower kuholele izikhukhula. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi kulezo zindawo ubuswa imimoya enamandla, isivunguvungu, isiphepho - izikhukhula is ngenakugwemeka. Kuthathwa ukunqwabelana. Lokhu obala ezindaweni ezisogwini. Lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kwamanzi nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo zenzeka izikhukhula okubangelwa amagagasi-tsunami.

Libuye libe Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo kwenzeka ngenxa ukuncibilika ngokushesha kweqhwa, isibonelo, phezu kwemifula we Nenkabazwe. Yasehlanzeni nezigodi izikhukhula sezintaba kubangele okuphumayo intraglacial nasemachibini uwenze idamu.

Isigaba "ngesikhukhula esikhulu" libhekisela Petersburg (1824). Ngesikhathi kwenzeka le nhlekelele ezingeni ngamanzi eMfuleni iNeva wasukuma ukuze 4.14-4.21 mm ngaphezu evamile. Abulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-100. Enye uzamcolo kwenzeka e China (1931), abalwa abafileyo abantu abangaphezu kuka-145 eziyinkulungwane.

Ngo-1938, i-elementi amanzi futhi aqeda lalolo Chinese. On insimu Russian izikhukhula zazinzima kakhulu iphutha elithile eliseMpumalanga Ekude ngo-2013. It is labizwa ngokuthi "izikhukhula zemvelo."

Imbangela yale ngozi waqala ukudicilela izimvula yezimvula, ngenxa bendiswa, umfula okudale ukwanda ngendlela engakaze ibonwe yamanzi Amur. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekwindla ka-2012, emfuleni wanyamalala ngaphansi inhlabathi ukuchichima ebusika. Ngokwezibalo kusukela izikhukhula abathintekayo abantu abayizinkulungwane 80, futhi umonakalo ezolimo balinganiselwa ku 8.5 MAWP ruble.

imfundo

Ngakho, ezinye izincomo kufanele ukusiza abantu uma zemvelo bedstviya.Chelovek eziphuthumayo uyakwazi ukuzwa ukushaqeka, ngakho ngomusa ukufunda imithetho yokuziphatha ngesikhathi kwenzeka le nhlekelele.

Uma lifika uzamcolo ke ngokushesha uzame ekhuphukela kwakugqamuka, uphahla attics. Ungakhohlwa ukunikeza amasignali zokucindezeleka ishidi noma ithawula ebusuku - flashlight.

Uma izikhukhula ayimeleli usongo abalulekile, ngaphambi kokubuyela ekhaya lakho, uhlole ukuze ubone uma unamandla ngokwanele. Qiniseka pholisa emagcekeni ukususa amagesi zanqwabelana.

Qaphela zihlanganisa ugesi. Into yokuqala ukuhlola ukuthembeka Izintambo zikagesi ezisobala kanye nokunye ukuxhumana. Zonke amanzi ukungcola alethwe Kunconywa ukususa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kuzovimba ukusabalala kwesifo. Uma amanzi ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyinto esinganqobeki futhi kunosongo, wokutakula izikhulu kuphunywe abantu abavela endaweni okwakwenzeke kuyo inhlekelele.

Uma kukhona umemezele labantu isiphepho, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuba uvalwe close zonke emafasiteleni, eminyango kanye ukuvuleka ekamelweni elisophahleni lwendlu. Lapho esondela emoyeni (isiphepho, isiphepho), indoda kubalulekile ukuthola indawo yokuhlala ephephile. Kungcono uma kungenzeka egunjini kulencane egumbini noma engaphansi.

Kufanele kube ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela emnyango futhi emafasiteleni. Into engcono - kuyinto abalale phansi bayigubungele ikhanda lakho ngezandla zakhe. Uma umuntu ubonakele ngesikhathi sokuhlasela yemvelo emotweni phezu endleleni ke udinga ukuba ngokushesha uthole aphume emotweni. Iqiniso lokuthi kwakungenzeka kungabi isikhala, ube nemigodi ngemigodi futhi imigodi akufanele ufake womuntu yithemba. Kufanele abalale phansi bese uyazama ukuvikela ikhanda lakhe lezandla zakhe.

Izinhlekelele zemvelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo - into njalo ezweni lakithi. Ngakho-ke, zonke ke Kunconywa ukuba endlini ubhaka wokuhamba icala lapho wamemezela: ". I-alamu Emergency". Ubhaka kufanele kube izingubo ezifudumele, amanzi okuphuza, kuqala zosizo ngemithi, izabelo, amakhophi amadokhumende ukuhlonza, flashlight kanye ngemali encane. Ngezikhathi hlola ukuphila eshalofini ukudla nemithi.

Waxwayisa - is forearmed

Kuwo wonke inhlekelele has izici zayo siqu: ubunjalo nokunqotshwa, isikali yokubhubha, isibalo sabantu abathintekayo. Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi izimbangela kanye nohlobo inhlekelele. At ukuziphatha onomqondo bendawo ekwazile kakhulu ukunciphisa zonke izinhlobo zokulahlekelwa.

Uhlelo isimo ekuphenduleni Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kusho ukuthi ukuqagela efanele ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa inhlekelele yemvelo kanye zablogovremennoe umemezele labantu - namanje inkinga enkulu. Futhi kule kumele sisebenze.

Ngo eziphuthumayo izimo kufanele kube nenhlangano samanje zonke izakhiwo ezikhona. izenzo United iziphathimandla yombuso kanye lendawo, neminyango eziphuthumayo ngokuhlanganyela abanekhono netento tesive kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ahlupheke ingasaphathwa lokufa kwabantu kanye nokulahlekelwa impahla. Parallel kule, ephumelela kunazo kukhona izinyathelo zokuqeda le ngozi nemiphumela yaso.