Iyini inqubomgomo eGrisi lasendulo? izinqubomgomo State of Ancient Greece

Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa eGrisi lasendulo. Okuningi ngokunembile, sizozama ukuthola impendulo yombuzo yini inqubomgomo eGrisi lasendulo.

Ngo 8-9 ekhulwini BC. e. AmaGreki ayengewona ezweni kuphela, ezifana uthi asendulo aseMpumalanga phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo. AmaGreki ayengewona izinqubomgomo wezwe.

Polis eGrisi lasendulo - umphakathi wezakhamuzi, abalimi collective pastoralists, abahlala ndawonye futhi ndawonye ukuba bavikele izwe labo. Kancane kancane, inqubomgomo ilungisiwe, ukuthatha izici isimo. Yaba maphakathi nedolobha elibiyelwe, nge endaweni yokuthengisa - esigcawini, ithempeli elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulu-nomvikeli edolobheni, izindlu ehlukahlukene nokunye okunjalo. Emhlabeni edolobheni ixazululwe abalimi nabelusi bakhe. Zonke umhlabathi olimekayo, umhlaba kanye nemithombo yemvelo zazibhekwa impahla emphakathini.

Umnikazi womhlaba ubengase abe yisakhamuzi. Zonke izakhamuzi kwakufanele amalungu abezempi, okwakuthatha izingalo ngesikhathi usongo lempi. YesiBethamthetho seNarha eziphethwe wonke amandla kule nqubomgomo. Bamba iqhaza ke wayenalo ilungelo kuphela izakhamuzi sigodi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene izinqubomgomo in Ancient Greece.

Zazo kunezindawo eziningi. Zamandla zazingamazwibela tinchubomgomo Ancient Greece. Amagama abo - Athens futhi Sparta. Kukulo muzi ezinonileyo eKorinte. inqubomgomo Ngalinye linohulumeni walo siqu, ibutho kanye yengcebo, zemali kubalwa.

Athens

Ukuphendula umbuzo ngalokho inqubomgomo eGrisi lasendulo, izwe kuqala kubhekwe - kuba Athens. Insimu Polis Athene matasa lonke nhlonhlo we Attica e Central Greece. Sami Athens itholakala maphakathi elivundile, 5 km ukusuka olwandle.

Isikhundla alawula isimo esisha kwakungekaNkulunkulu izikhulu zamaKhosi. The main okuthunyelwe uhulumeni elalihlala aristocrats. amandla Ephakeme kwakungekaNkulunkulu Areyophagu, eyakhiwa abameleli yezikhulu tribal, kanye archons - izikhulu zikahulumeni (inhloko, umPhristi Lomkhulu, umkhuzi abakhulu, amajaji ayisithupha omphakathi).

Kancane kancane amalungu omphakathi ohluphekayo isicabha futhi baphoqwa ukuba ukuboleka abacebile. Enhlabathini ukubeka izikweletu zamatshe ababoleka. Lapho behluleka ukuba abuyisele isinenzuzo, phansi elahlekile. Ukuthatha indawo ukuqasha wazivumela kuphela wesithupha sokuvuna, kanti bonke abanye wanika umnikazi womhlaba. Skudeli Abalimi baba kwamandla akhe, kamuva kuphenduke izigqila.

kwekuhlela kabusha Solon sika

Ngo 8-7 ekhulwini BC. e. ingxenye ethile ye-demo - abathengisi, bezitolo kanye nezimoto, abalimi elichumayo - abaceba. Manje bayathanda iqhaza ekuphathweni inqubomgomo, kodwa baye bancishwa leli lungelo. Is they ekusungulwe futhi bahola umzabalazo we namademo ngokumelene ukhomba ngophakathi.

Ngo exakwe, izakhamuzi waphendukela Athene Inqubomgomo Solon, owayehola Inqubomgomo eGrisi lasendulo - uye waholela ukuqaliswa yezinguquko eziningana. Okokuqala, yena, wesula icala lawo-Athene futhi akuvumelekile ubugqila bezikweletu. Land wabuyela okweletayo. Abase-Athene, ababegqilazwe isikweleti, bakhululwa. Kusukela manje, akukho Athene alikwazanga lesigqila!

Solon owethulwa division of izakhamuzi ngezigaba ezine - abacebile kakhulu, abadla izambane likapondo, ongaswele futhi abampofu - kuye ngokuthi ungakanani izakhiwo zabo imali. Izakhamuzi imikhakha ehlukahlukene kwadingeka amalungelo ehlukene futhi benza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ukuze isimo.

Ukuguqulwa ukuthi wenza umphakathi Solon Athene, Athens refocused endleleni yentando yeningi.

Ubushiqela e-Athens

iminyaka engu-20 kusukela kwakhululwa ekuqaleni wokubusa Solon e-Athens Nezinkinga waqala futhi. Isihlobo Solon, Pisistratus umkhuzi 560 BC. e. Yambamba amandla waqala ukubusa e-Athens wedwa, ukuhlinzeka amandla e-Athene Polis ngokuthula nokuzwana. Ngakho e-Athens-ke kwamiswa kobushiqela.

Umhlaba aristocrats ngubani Wabaleka ezweni lakubo, basakaza phakathi abalimi. Kubo, isidlova esasibizwa wafuna intela (okweshumi sokuvuna) kuka iye yacebisa yengcebo.
Peisistratus wazama neqhaza ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo, yezandla, ezohwebo kanye shipbuilding. Waqala eziningi ukwakhiwa e-Athens: ngu imiyalo yakhe kwakhiwa amathempeli, izindlela imisele. Umuzi abamenyiwe abaculi abadumile kanye izimbongi, wabhala: "The Iliad" futhi "Odyssey", ngaleso sikhathi zadluliselwa ngomlomo. Empeleni, kwaba phakathi nokubusa Pisistratus lase Athens laligcwele izithixo yaphenduka isikhungo samasiko yaseGrisi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, usuka namandla ulwandle.

Ukugcwaliswa ukwakheka Polis Athene

Unya wawa ngokushesha ngemva kokufa Pisistratus (njengoba owamlandela wabusa ngesihluku), kanye archon lokuqala wakhethwa lesishaya Cleisthenes. nayo yonke indawo isimo Athene ukuthi ihlukaniswe ngezigodi 10, ngamunye eyayihlanganisa izingxenye ezintathu alinganayo - the ugu, nezindawo zasemaphandleni nezasemadolobheni. Ubuzwe manje Nquma ukuba ungaphinde wenze basonta uhlobo lwe, futhi kuya wabavoti ezithile. Ngaphambili, izwe ihlukaniswe generically. Lokhu Cleisthenes kabusha "shuffled" izakhamuzi futhi wabanika wonke amalungelo afanayo. Ngakho, ithonya izikhulu zezizwe uhulumeni kwehliselwe.

Zonke izakhamuzi manje sezibhekwa njengezindawo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki impahla: ngisho nabantu abampofu kungathatha yiliphi ihhovisi yomphakathi. Ngakho, ngamandla Athens futhi kwaba ezandleni abantu.

Sparta

inqubomgomo Inamandla eGrisi lasendulo ngokuthi Sparta. Esikhathini 9th ekhulwini BC. e. e yePeloponnese, e Laconia, Dorians eyasungulwa ezindaweni eziningana. Ngemva kwalokho, ekugcineni enqoba izizwe Achaean wendawo. Ngezinye 7 m. BC. e. Dorians enamathela ezintweni zakhe engumakhelwane Messenia Region. Phakathi nezimpi ezimbili kanye Messinian kwakhiwa umphakathi imfundo, ukuqiniseka ngokuthi Sparta (Sparta).

Kulesi sihloko sifunani impendulo yombuzo ngalokho inqubomgomo eGrisi lasendulo. Ngakho-ke, sihlolisise isimo idivayisi Sparta.

polity

izakhamuzi Sparta wawuhlala ngaphansi kwemithetho, okuyinto, ngokusho legend, owethulwa nomfundisi Lycurgus. A indima yokuhola ukuphathwa Spartan isimo wadlala isigungu samadoda amadala. Council ngesinqumo Abadala liyasiqinisekisa umhlangano wezwe lonke. Ukuhlanganyela kwathatha nje izakhamuzi-empi usufinyelele eminyakeni engu-30.

Lycurgus waqiniseka ukuthi zonke izakhamizi Sparta kwadingeka ngamalungelo alinganayo, ukuthi phakathi kwabo kukhona babengezona abampofu noma ocebile. umndeni Spartan wangena ifa lezwe efanayo, abakwazanga adayise noma oyowunikela, njengoba izwe lonke Sparta ayebhekwa impahla isimo.

ISparta ayenqatshelwe bahlanganyele ukuhweba, ezentengiselwano, umsebenzi wabo kuphela khona impi. Izikhali kanye nemisebenzi yezandla babenzelwa kubo perieki. Isiza ekugcineni iphathwa helots Spartan. ISparta ayikwazanga ukuthengisa, uchithe noma ukubulala helot - helots umndeni, njengoba izwe kwakungekaNkulunkulu isimo.

Gen. iSparta

Ukuhlaziya umbuzo yini inqubomgomo eGreece yasendulo, futhi uchaze kafushane ngokuphila we iSparta.

ISparta babe abanesibindi, amaqhawe anesibindi. Bona egqoka izingubo anolaka, babehlala eyodwa storey izindlu ezakhiwe ngokhuni. Saba ifomu zezinwele, izilevu futhi amadevu. Lapho ukwakhiwa wayevunyelwe ukusebenzisa imbazo, futhi kuphela womshini iminyango - isaha. Nge engu-16 futhi kuze kube Spartan waphoqeleka ukuba sebuthweni. Eminyakeni engu-30, sasibhekwa omdala futhi wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba uthole isiqephu sendawo futhi ukushada.

Ngakho sasihlala futhi ithuthukiswe izinqubomgomo State of Ancient Greece.