Imvuselelo Carolingian

Carolingian Renaissance - inkathi of revival bokusungula emasiko latfolakala medieval Northern Europe kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili kuya phakathi yesishiyagalolunye inkathi wokubusa ababusi Frankish we lwamakhosi Carolingian, ikakhulukazi phakathi nesikhathi uCharlemagne Louis the abangcwele, uCharles the Bald.

Lesi sikhathi besihambisana nesiminyaminya isithakazelo esandayo izincwadi nekubhala, kwezobuciko, ukuklanywa kwezakhiwo, wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo, ushintsho eyimidanti ukufunda imibhalo. Ukuvuselelwa Kwama sobuhle bayo esekelwe ipumelelo isiko lamaRoma.

Ngemva kwesikhathi yokujama tsi kanye nokwehla ethile ekuthuthukiseni yokucabanga bokusungula, ezobuciko namasiko, uKarl Veliky bahlangana nabo esigodlweni sakhe izingqondo eziningi okhazimulayo isikhathi, behlose ukuzisebenzisa ukuvuseleleka esifundazweni ukuthi ezingeni ezesayensi, zefilosofi, imfundo kwezobuciko, okuyinto kwaba isici isiko lamaRoma .

Ukuntuleka kwemfundo kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile phakathi kwabefundisi bama. Ngisho nalabo izindela ngubani bachitha izinsuku zabo yokukopisha imibhalo yesandla ubudala, akakwazi ukufunda okulotshwe, ikakhulukazi ukuba siqonde incazelo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu walondoloza nekhulu lesikhombisa nesishiyagalombili, imibhalo yesandla ngokuvamile badidekile ukuze neze wakhonza emagama. Njengoba kwakungekho lulimi zezemfundo ejwayelekile zilotshiwe ngosonhlamvukazi, nge eziningi amaphutha, ngaphandle zibabazo.

Esikhathini franc isimo Karl ayikwazanga ukuthola ikhophi yeBhayibheli engcono kakhulu noma umbhalo ogcwele Benedictine umthetho, okuyiwona-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ithumele eRoma. Okokuqala, umgomo oyinhloko ubunye ebandleni Charles Frankish, owawungumnyaka ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe. Wayeyindoda abafunde kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Wafunda ulimi lwesiLatini, isiGreki, ekukhulumeni logic, ukufunda izinkanyezi. Ukuba elisenyakatho ye-Italy uKarl, wahlangana-Anglo-Saxon isazi-Alcuin, odume ngungqondongqondo ngemuva Carolingian Renaissance ezaziwayo.

Isazi abakhaliphile wayehlala eNew York, lapho kwakukhona khona umtapo nge iqoqo olubanzi imibhalo yesandla. Carl wathonyelwa Alcuin ukuhambisa e Aachen, yokuhlala Frankish King, ukuze athuthukise izinhlelo zokufundisa isikole esigodlweni. Usosayensi uye wazakhela Yiqiniso senzelwe ukuqeqesha abefundisi nezindela. Kungenzeka ukuthola umsuka ubuciko eziyisikhombisa ovulekile: i trivium - lolimi, ekukhulumeni logic; futhi quadrivium - ubuciko zezibalo, i-geometry, izibalo, isayensi yezinkanyezi nomculo. Leto tifundvo lalinabashumayeli imfundo classical nokulotshwa kwalo. Abafundi funda Homer, Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, uPlato Cicero.

Revival Heroes - akusiwona nje Alcuin. Phakathi labo ababemenyelwe enkantolo kukaCharlemagne kwadingeka nezinye zesayensi ezidumile, ama-philosophers, izimbongi, uPeter Pisa, wayala Charles ngesiLatini Ipigogo ka Aquileia esimisiwe Bishop of Aquileia (Ipigogo II), Lombard Pavel Diakon, Visigoth Theodulf of Orléans.

Zokufunda imfundo waba Isigodlo, kwadingeka ikamelo esikhethekile ukukopisha imibhalo yesandla yasendulo. Kodwa kwakungekho ukukopela okungenangqondo - konke ematheksthi uzifunde ngokucophelela nge izindela. Laba amazwi imibhalo yesandla entsha bahlukana, kwakunengozi zokuloba. Carl zilandele izilinganiso ezithile Latin ephakathi. Iqiniso lokuthi kuningi okushintshile Latin, kusukela ezikhathini Roman, amagama amasha, izisho, tisho, okwakufanele zifakwe ulimi. Karl wakucabangela zonke izinguquko, futhi kwakukhona Latin medieval ku kwindlela ke namuhla eyaziwa.

Igama elithi "imvuselelo Carolingian" esifakiwe mlando French Jean-Jacques Ampere ekhulwini le-19, ngokuvamile uphikise ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi kunqunyelwe ikakhulu abefundisi ukuthuthukiswa futhi ababanga esibanzi ukunyakaza komphakathi ejwayelekile ka Yenguquko Italian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayisekho umele ngomzamo ukuvuseleleka isiko wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. Nokho, kwaba ukusatshalaliswa ngesikhathi esisodwa imikhuba Christian zenkolo namasiko ezivamile. A wokubusa Charles yayikhaliphe ukuze kuqhathaniswa ne wokubusa Aleksandra Makedonskogo, uKhesari Awugustu, Constantine, uJustinian.

Ukufa Charles baba esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko yokuncipha kokubaluleka Frankish isimo namasiko alo.

Uma ebheka emuva, imvuselelo Carolingian Ubuye ezinye izici sokuthuthwa kwempahla "false", lapho impumelelo kwamasiko kwakusekelwe ikakhulu ayesakazeke izizukulwane eziningana.

I zezimbali art ihlanganisa cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu, kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 800 kuya ku-900, kodwa kwaba nesikhathi enethonya lapho Northern Europe, esekelwe classical (Roman) art amafomu, zalungiselela ukuvelela Romanesque futhi, ekugcineni, yobuciko Gothic. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi walondoloza imibhalo yesandla esikhanyayo, metal, ebaziwe, KaMose futhi umsebenzi Umfanekiso.

Nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu imvuselelo Carolingian libhekene isitayela, owethulwa ngu Charles, wanqoba kwaze kwabusa German King Otto I. Iphinde kwaba umzamo oqotho kabusha LamaRoma futhi izakhiwo WaseByzantium, kodwa sibonga ezintsha usezuze uhlamvu esiyingqayizivele.