Dzhon Lo: Biography nesithombe

Dzhon Lo - wezimali shotlansky, umprofethi, owenza, yasebhange romantic, credit bili izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali uyise - ngoba kuthiwa ngabantu ekhulwini XVIII. Ekuqaleni, le ndoda yaphenduka Fulansi ingena e- kwelinye lamazwe yokuchuma okukhulu eYurophu, baphinde ke ebumpofwini. Biography lokuqala wezimali waphuma phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe futhi lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi. The French wambiza Jean Lass. Kwamanye amazwe, kwakwaziwa njengoba Dzhon Lo. Lesi sihloko sizokusiza ukuba achazwe Biography emfushane wezimali.

intsha

Dzhon Lo Of Lauriston wazalwa ngo-Edinburgh (Scotland) e 1671. Ubaba walo mfana kwaba ngamagugu kanye umbolekisi. Ngo-1683, inhloko umndeni wathenga ifa elincane Lauriston, lapho isananyathiselwe lesi yisiqu esibhekisela yezikhulu. Lapho esemusha, uJohane wayengumshumayeli impela, futhi ujabule ukuthatha ezindlini best Edinburgh. Ngakho, umphathi wezimali esizayo ngokushesha "enekhono zonke izinhlobo abantu ekuzitikeni ngokweqile." Ngokushesha, le nsizwa yayingumuntu nesithukuthezi, futhi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili waya anqobe inhlokodolobha yase-England.

Ukuqagela bese Duel

ELondon Dzhon Lo ngokushesha lakhiwa-ke isivunguvungu umsebenzi. Amandla imali wadla ifa kuyise. John waqala namahemuhemu ayeshiwo ngamasheya, ubucwebe kanye imidwebo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasungula uhlelo umdlalo ikhadi. Kwaletha Luo imali okuqinile. John bajabulela ibe yimpumelelo abesifazane libhekene selectivity e ukuthandana. indaba yakhe Olandelayo wawuphela e 1694 Duel. Luo wabulala imbangi yakhe futhi waboshwa. Ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala, i-wezimali esizayo isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele. Kodwa uJohane iphunyukile etilongweni baya Amsterdam. Ngokuvamile, iqhawe kwalesi sihloko waba nenhlanhla kakhulu.

Guqula umsebenzi

Fika emzini omusha, Dzhon Lo eduze waziphatha ekutadisheni ithiyori kwezomnotho. Kule ndaba, insizwa ufunde okuningi amaphepha abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Ngokushesha, wanyathelisa incwadi yakhe. Kube wezimali kutjelwa imbangela eyinhloko sekuma ndzawonye kwemnotfo. Ngokusho Bheka, kwaba ukuntula imali. Ukuze kulungiswe le nkinga, John ahlinzekwa ukukhipha imali yamaphepha kanye nokuhlinzekela ngegolide. Kanti-ke futhi, ukukhipha izikweletu ukubamba izikhundla zikahulumeni. Lokhu wezimali umqondo okunikelwe zamukele cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu. Kodwa ukuqaphela kwaba kuphela umbuso owodwa.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa imibono

Ngo-1715, ngemva kokufa le nkosi sika igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini France ezingenalutho ngokuphelele. Filipp Orleansky (ibamba isikhathi umzukulu uLouis XIV) ngakhungatheka emva ekubalweni kwesikweletu isimo. Kwatholakala ukuthi lesi sibalo ifinyelele livres libe no 3 billion. A inkokhiso waminyaka yonke nezintela wenza 250 million kuphela. Nakuba, ngokusho kombiko we-Chief of Omshoshaphansi, lemali kwaba kathathu ngaphezulu. Vele kwezigidi ezingu-500 ku-ekhukhwini nosaziwayo ahlukahlukene.

Ngokwe-ibamba, esimweni esinzima enjalo kungakusiza kuphela ohlelweni Dzhona Lo. Kakade phakathi 1716 hero lesi sihloko ivule ebhange (nakuba engekho emphakathini, kanye nokulingana) nge ilungelo lokubuyiswa imali yephepha. Ngesikhathi ihlelo efanayo ngokukhululekile umklomelo zemali esenziwe oluyigugu usuku langempela okukhipha okuzisholo, kanye ukuthatha endabeni yokukhokha izintela kanye nemisebenzi. Okungukuthi imali yamaphepha uJohn waba okuqinile ezingaphezu kuka zemali negolide.

Ngalezo zinsuku kwaba sesiphila engakaze ibonwe. Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi zonke izikweletu ezivezwa Lo eFrance nje akazange lemali edingekayo isiliva negolide. Nokho, ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-12 ekuqaleni udaba banknotes eFrance wahlupheka ukufukulwa komnotho. Kuqaliswe embonini yezokwakha athuthukile, ukuhweba savuka futhi ikhishwe ephansi isithakazelo sokubolekwayo.

Enye inkampani

Kodwa ibhange wayengeyena umqondo kuphela Scot. Ekuqaleni kuka-1717 Dzhon Lo wadala "Inkampani ye Indies." Capital wale nkampani Luo wafuna ukutshala ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Mississippi soMfula. The French walibiza Louisiana behlonipha ngesikhathi seNkosi uLouis XIV. Emlandweni lo mcimbi wehlela njengoba Mississippi Inkampani.

Ngo Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1717, uJohn yamemezela mayelana nokubekwa ayizinkulungwane 200. Amasheya. Imibandela zazinzima evumayo: kunani ngokulinganisa of livres 500 lephepha ethengisiwe 250 nje nge okuqinisekisiwe ukuthenga kubo zingakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha intengo kokuqala. Wabelana izinkampani wathenga ngokushesha. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, inani lemakethe yabo ingaphezu kwe-ukalwe izikhathi eziningi. Ukuthenga zonke izibambiso, John bezidlela isizumbulu. Ngokushesha le nkampani Luo wanika esinakho ukuhweba "kokubili Indies." Lokhu kwaqinisa inani lemakethe kwamatayitela futhi ngakhula ukufunwa kubo.

Eyokuqala Stock Exchange

Impikiswano ukwabelana ayizinkulungwane 50 -. Manje, lokho Dzhon Lo kumemezela maduzane. Ngemva indlela ye isicelo isikhathi sokugcina laba wezimali isinqumo ukuze uthole okwengeziwe. Befuna izikhathi eziyisithupha oversubscribed, njengoba ukuthengwa izibambiso wathola ayizinkulungwane 300. Izicelo. Emagrafu, awnings, ezo, izikhulu kanye viscounts pelleted wezimali endlini, abafuna ukuba yingxenye umnotho "we Indies." Ngenxa yalokhu, uNobhala Scot uye wachuma omkhulu, enikwa yibo isifumbathiso.

Ngokuzenzekelayo uvele secondary izibambiso emakethe. Empeleni, kwakuyisikhathi Stock Exchange kuqala. Ukubona umthombo obengeziwe engenayo, John ahlelwe oseduze nomuzi wakhe emadokodweni. Baqala ukuthengisa amasheya Luo abantu abaqashiwe, manje ebizwa ngokuthi "wabathengi".

izibambiso exchange rate wakhula exponentially. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi umongameli ilungu UMbusi Orleans, ibhodi yenkampani. Inhlalakahle French zikhule kanye ukwanda intengo yamasheya. Yiqiniso, kulesi kahle wathola yena Dzhon Lo. wezimali mbhoshongo safinyelela iphuzu wobuningi sokukhula. Kodwa Scot ngangingacabangi ngaye futhi "Ogezile" imali. Waze wathenga yena ambalwa izigodi ezibizayo. Nokho, uJohane naye uPetru bathola isihloko Duke futhi kwaba uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali (eqinisweni, umuntu wesibili ezweni). Kodwa bonke ubuhle buyoke luphela.

Kunokushoda kwezimali

Eshukunyiswa "Mississippi Inkampani" John ukuphathwa kabi elawulwa ebhange. Futhi kuyi yakhe yonke elapha loans ukuthi abangu itshalwe ukuthenga amasheya enkampanini. Futhi, "Inkampani ye Indies" beka njalo ukukhishwa okusha izibambiso ngokuthenga izibopho kahulumeni ku imali. Ngakho, inkampani isibe cishe ayemkweleta ematheni France. Kodwa Regent zonke wahlela, futhi wafuna ukukhululwa kwe ngaphezulu imali yephepha.

Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka kakhulu "India Inkampani" ayizange kwabahambela kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezikude Louisiana pretty kancane. On osebeni Mississippi ngempela nguye owakha lo muzi ukunikela mikhankaso nemikhumbi bathunyelwa nalezi zifiki. Kodwa nomthelela ningagcini yilo phrojekthi. Bambalwa ukwazi isimo sangempela. Ngenxa yokuntuleka inhlekelele kwababaleki ibamba wayala (ngomyalo imfihlo) ukuthumela e-United States esigadiwe izifebe, amasela Vagabonds. Kodwa ukucabanga-out ukukhangisa umkhankaso waphefumulela French ukuthi angene emathekwini lwemikhumbi wezwe igcwele izindwangu, izinongo, isiliva nezinye izinto angaphandle.

ukuphahlazeka

Insimbi yokuqala kwaba ukufika Prince de Conti Bank. Naye wathatha cartload yebhange amanothi anxenxa uzihlanganyele for zemali. ngokushesha uJohane waphendukela Regent kanye isihlobo wathonyelwa ukuba ubambe imali yephepha. Nakuba kunjalo futhi wathola eziningi emphakathini, kodwa cishe akekho walinika yenani, njengoba Conti kwakungathandeki khona phakathi kwabantu. Kodwa abantu bahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi baqaphe waqala bashintshisane imali yamaphepha izinto zesiliva nezinto zegolide. Lena naphezu igunya eyayintula ngesikhathi Dzhon Lo. Ponzi isikimu kwaba maduzane nje, njengoba isibalo Ukuhwebelana lakhula kuphela usuku ngalunye oludlulayo.

inqolobane Amancane izinsimbi eziyigugu elicibilikile phambi ebhange. Ekuqaleni 1720, Luo ekhishwe bamisa kuvinjelwe exchange of amanothi. Futhi phezu imali yephepha okwakwenqatshelwe ukuthola ayigugu kanye jewelry. Ngo-May, amanothi devalued kabili, bese bebuyela yini ngohlamvu lwemali inqanyuliwe ngokuphelele.

inzondo A zabantu

ngokushesha The French abathandanga Lo. Njengoba isixuku esingaka baseParis yafuna John ukushintshashintsha imali yamaphepha igolide. Ukuba sichithiwe, izakhamuzi wagan 'unwabu cishe ushwabadelwe owenza. Kule ndaba, Luo iyiswe Palais Royal, ukuphila ngaphansi kwesivikelo ngqo Duke. Ngokushesha wezimali basuswa ezihlalweni zabo emphakathini. Ukwengamela France wabuya Dagasso Shansela, ababeke sichithiwe ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu kaJohane ukumelana. isinqumo sakhe sokuqala umsebenzi wakhe omusha kwaba resumption of exchange. Ngo-June 10, 1720 zonke French waya iRoyal Bank. Ngemva ukushintshana isiliva negolide, ekuqaleni kwakunganele, futhi izifundo waya izinhlamvu zemali zethusi. Abantu abampofu babejabule futhi lokho. Usuku ngalunye oludlulayo, ugqozi yasebhange lwavutha. Julayi 9 amasosha egade luhlobo kwehlisa Izinsimbi, nesixuku ungamchobozi isakhiwo. Abantu baqala bajikijela kubo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, amasosha waphendula ngokuthi adubule izibhamu zawo. Ngenxa yalokho ukufa omunye engumFulentshi. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa isixuku inyathelwa abantu 15 ...

Ngo-August 1720 iRoyal Bank limenyezelwe ungeke uzithole usuwile. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu, konke amanothi yayo yasesula.

Endabeni inkampani Indian ke awuhambanga kangcono. zesito ababaziwa kwancipha ngokushesha. IPhalamende ukubeka phambili uphoqe Dzhon Bheka, njengoba umhleli mbhoshongo yokuqala zezimali, kufanele lathethwa futhi abulawe. Kodwa esikhundleni hero lesi sihloko ku-Bastille waya kumfowabo - uWilliam. mithandazo hhayi efakazelwe icala, kanye isihlobo wezimali wadedelwa.

Ukuhambisa Brussels

Kepha Dzhon Lo kwesokunxele France ekupheleni 1720. Scot nge indodana yakhe baya Brussels, ushiya umkakhe nendodakazi. Edolobheni omusha, uJohn wahlala ngempela ngesizotha. imali yayo yaba impesheni esakhokhwa uMbusi Orleans (France zadla zonke impahla Lo).

sipho ezingalindelekile

Ngo 1721, i-wezimali kwaba e-Venice. Kukhona yena wavakashelwa Savoyard ozalwa ebukhosini owamuka esethula Russian ogunyazwe uhulumeni. Uzinikele John incwadi evela omunye abeluleki uPetru wehlelwe yini. Esigijimini esasiya Luo wamenywa kusevisi isiRashiya, futhi bathembisa ukuthi kusengaphambili okuhle. Kodwa ke wonke amathemba John eyayigujwa inkantolo isiNgisi, lapho Russia welashelwa nobutha kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-Scot unqume hhayi ukuba engozini futhi alizange. Bese ngokuxhamazela kwesokunxele Venice.

eminyakeni yamuva

Lo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa sokuhamba kamnandi ngokwabo abanethemba ukuthi Regent ambize emuva France irhelebho obumbi. Kodwa ngo-1723 iNkosana Sase-Orleans esihle bafa, abangafanga wezimali waqaphela ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukubuyela.

Dzhon Bheka, ogama biography seyenziwe ngenhla, washona ngo-Venice yizifo ezinjenge-pneumonia e 1729. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Scot wabhala incwadi ethi "The History of Finance izikhathi Regency." Kodwa ukukhanya, wabona emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva ezimbili kuphela.