Isixazululo ammonia - ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa

Nitrogen (nitrogen) likwazi ukuxhumana eziningana hydrogenous (hydrogen), okuyiqembu ngowokuthi ammonia onohlonze. Ngo-laboratory okulungiselelwa ngokubeka amalahle ingxube ka ammonium chloride potassium hydroxide. Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, idiphozi laseChile sodium nitrate ayebhekwa kuphela umthombo Izakhi ze-nitrogen. Ngenxa ucwaningo lwesayensi, osokhemisi izindlela eziningana okwakhiwa ngalo Nitrogen nenkanuko edlulele kwahlongozwa. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba cyanamide ammonia zamagama inqubo. Le ndlela isekelwe impahla nitrogen oluhambisana calcium carbamide. Ngenxa yale njongo, nitrogen evuthayo is badabula Carbide calcium:

N2 + CaC2 = CaCN2 + C

I ngaleyo ndlela etholwe CaCN2 (calcium cyanide) nitrate isetshenziswa njengoba Umanyolo wezolimo. Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi ukwelapha lesi kwakwakhe nge umusi ukukhiqiza ammonia:

CaCN2 + ZN20 = 2NH3 + CaC03

Ammonia kusetshenzwe ukuze acid kanye nitrate Umanyolo nitrogen. Kwamakhemikhali yesimanje isakazeke enye indlela yokuthola NH3 - ayekuhlaziyile of nitrogen bese hydrogen:

1/2 N +3/2 H2 = NH3

ammonia ngaleyo ndlela wathola ibizwa zokwenziwa. Industrial ammonia zamagama yenziwa phambi kulethe futhi izohlala ezingeni lokushisa degree 500.

Ammonia - gas elinendawo okunoshukela isici iphunga, kuba alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni. NH3 akufanele imuncwe isikhathi eside, ngoba anobuthi. Le gas kalula encibilikayo H2O. Kanzulu ammonia aqueous eliqukethe u-25% NH3.

Lapho selehlile (ukuba -79 ° C) isixazululo ammonia aqueous iba crystalline. Ukucwaninga kososayensi luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-mass eyinhloko NH3 ku isixazululo aqueous kwenziwa ngendlela zishintshe hydrated (NH3 · nH2O) futhi kuphela ingxenye encane ammonia ziyoncibilika (mayelana 0.5%) wasithukuthelela amanzi:

NH3 + H2O = NH4 + OH -

ukuphendula ane-alikhali ammonia izixazululo ngenxa yokubakhona ion hydroxide. Ngokwesiko isixazululo ammonia lumiswa njengoba NH4OH. I ayinayo yesixazululo kubangelwa khona iqembu hydroxyl, kwakheka ngenxa dissociation of ammonium hydroxide okuyinto.

isixazululo ammonia kubhekwa base ababuthakathaka. Esikhathini laboratories ngezinye izikhathi ammonia lalungiselela amalahle ammonium chloride. Ammonia kuyinto okhuthele chemical kwakwakhe ukuthi ihlangana izinto eziningi, kuyilapho ebonisa izakhiwo kuphela ekunciphiseni.

Ammonia elivutha oksijini khona ilangabi umbala ogqamile aphuzi, ngenkathi oxidized a Nitrogen khulula. Lapho khona ekwandeni (-platinum) · ammonia namachibi kuqhubeka kuze kube oxide nitrogen. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela isetshenziswa inqubo esikhiqiza nitric acid. Kufanele ukuthi iningi ammonia ngaleyo ndlela etholwe esetshenziselwe ukukhokhela ukukhiqizwa nitrate umquba nitric acid.

Phakathi ukuhwamuka at -33,4 ° C ketshezi NH3 kusukela imvelo ubamba eziningi ukushisa, kudala indlu. Le mpahla ukusebenzisa kwayo e ifriji systems yokufakelwa isitoreji ice imikhiqizo ukudla okonakalayo kubanda. Ngokuvamile ammonia liquid isetshenziswa ekwakheni izakhiwo ngomshoshaphansi. Isixazululo ammonia isetshenziswa laboratory umkhuba, imboni yamakhemikhali, izimpahla zasendlini, futhi imithi.

ammonia isixazululo isicelo. Isetshenziswa njengesici kusho excitation nokususwa emishinini yokuphefumula isiguli kusukela ekuqulekeni. lokuhlala elikhulu NH3 kungabangela ukuboshwa zokuphefumula. Ngezinye izikhathi isixazululo ammonia isetshenziswa njengoba emetics (10 amathonsi 100 ml amanzi ngasinye). Qaphela ukuthi lokhu kulungiselelwa ezithaka imithi ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ihlelwe ngokulandelana kwezihloko ebukhoneni izifo zesikhumba (eczema, dermatitis). Uma ubuthi ammonia evala odokotela linqume acetate, citrate, tartrate (tartaric acid) -1% okuhlushwa. Ngo umkhuba kuhlinzwa usebenzisa ikhambi ammonia (25 ml / 5 ilitha yamanzi abilisiwe ashisayo).