Uyini lysosomes: isakhiwo, ukwakheka kanye umsebenzi lysosomes

Njengoba leli ngqamuzana uyakwazi "inhlabamkhosi" izinto ukuwela cytoplasm lokho? Impendulo ingatholakala ngokucabangela lokho lysosomes. Kuyini isakhiwo sabo? Ngenxa indlela izakhiwo zalezi organelles bayakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi walo?

Lysosomes. Izici lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

UHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula - lokhu amaseli organoid kukhona mayelana 0.2 microns ngobukhulu, sizungezwe ulwelwesi kanye eliqukethe enzyme hydrolytic. Umsebenzi oyinhloko Bubbles sinjalo wokuqhekeka izinto busuka iseli nganoma endocytosis, noma ama-molecule awo siqu, angasasekelwa ezidingekayo.

Kuyini isakhiwo lysosomes kule plan?

Cleavage noma izinto nokucekelwa esebenzisa hydrolases - enzyme uyakwazi usebenza i osebenzelana ene-asidi. Ukuze silondoloze pH ongaphakeme, obutholakala kule uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula ulwelwesi ATPase vacuolar-hlobo (V-hlobo). isakhiwo ethile eziyinkimbinkimbi ivumela ukumpompa ngokumelene a umyela lokuhlushwa i-hydrogen-proton, ngaleyo ndlela kwande inani labo kwangaphakathi imvelo organelles.

Hydrolase ungenziwa kuphela tisebenta esimeni ene-asidi. Kufeza indima ebalulekile zokuzivikela, t. Ukuze. Ngo le cytoplasm yengqamuzana lesifishane cishe hlangothi. Uma lysosomes ulwelwesi ngandlela-thile ezilimele, kanye enzyme ezazisemizini cytosol, balahlekelwa ikhono lazo sokudiliza izinto futhi organelles.

UHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula ulwelwesi siqukethe ipuleti micellar amasayithi. Izikhala phakathi laphakathi phospholipids zigcwele amanzi. Phezu kwendawo ulwelwesi ehlakazekile ikhule ezimbotsheni eziningi okuyinto nayo igcwele amanzi kungenziwa ivaliwe molecule polar. izingxenye ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kohlelo ulwelwesi bese kwenza ukungena organelles kanye nama-molecule hydrophobic futhi hydrophilic.

Kanjani ukwakha lysosomes

Amaphrotheni kudingeka ukwakha lysosomes kuthiwa ekuqaleni kwemiqondo kule EPR. Ngokulandelayo, badinga "tag" by anamathisela zinsalela mannose. Lokhu ezisalayo mannose iyisiginali ethize Golgi apharathasi: Amaprotheni ashintshwe basuke bagxila endaweni eyodwa, bese kuthiwa kwemiqondo isitsha enzyme lytic. Yilokho okwatholwa uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula in eziphilayo.

I internals we lysosomes

Uyini uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula futhi yini indlela yokwakheka imvelo yangaphakathi yalezi organelles?

Ngaphakathi lysosomes asekelwe imvelo esidi, pH esikwaziyo 4.5-5. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, uketshezi ongenza cleavage yayo umsebenzi. Hydrolase - yigama ezivamile isigaba enzyme. Vele uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula iqukethe molecule mayelana 40 ezahlukene eziphila abakhuthele okuyinto catalyze ukuphendula yayo ngokuphelele ethize.

Njengengxenye okuqukethwe sangaphakathi enzyme uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula zingatholakala okulandelayo:

• phosphatase acid - uhlaba compounds equkethe amaqembu phosphate;
• nuclease - ibulala acid nucleic ;
• protease - uhlaba amaprotheni;
• collagenase - ibulala amangqamuzana collagen;
• Lipase - uhlaba esters ;
• Glycosidase - ukusheshisa ukusabela cleavage carbohydrate;
• asparaginase - uhlaba aspartic acid;
• glutaminase - ibulala glutamic acid.

Vele lysosomes iqukethe hydrolases ezingu-40. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo uyini uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula, eziphilayo zingaphendulwa: liyinqolobane enzyme.

izinhlobo lysosomes

Ukunikeza 4 izinhlobo lysosomes: lysosomes zamabanga aphansi naphezulu, umsebenzi autophagic namaseli asalile.

lysosomes Ezemfundo - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto kuhambisana ukusebenza zishintshe ahlukahlukene okuwuphawu phezu EPR kanye nomfutho wegazi ophezulu. uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula Primary - ibhamuza ezincane, okuyinto wajinge wanamatsela kusuka ulwelwesi we-apharathasi Golgi.

uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula Primary ekuqaleni uqukethe yonke eziyinkimbinkimbi enzyme kwakudingeka ukuba ngivule macromolecules.

uHlelo Lwesiqondisi Kungena Esilula Secondary - lesi sakhiwo, yenqwaba. Lakhiwa ihlangana ne-primary bubble izinto esibambile endocytosis, noma imikhiqizo cell umzimba ukuthi kumele ilahlwe.

kumiswa autophagosome lihlotshaniswa inqubo efana autophagy - ukumuncwa futhi "eziswini" ucede organelles yengqamuzana.

Isikhathi isilinganiso mitochondria izinsuku ezingu-10. Uma organelle akakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yaso, ke kumele ilahlwe. Ngenxa yale njongo, sebuningini lysosomes eyinhloko futhi mitochondria ozungezayo kuthiwa kuhlobene. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa autophagosome emikhulu ngaphakathi oqala yehlukanise mitochondria ku monomers.

Uyini lysosomes ngesimo ithole asalile? Leli phuzu lokugcina ukusebenza kwanoma iyiphi lysosomes lapho enzyme wenza umsebenzi omuhle, futhi organelle babe izinto engakwazi ukuya eqhekeza olwengeziwe. Izinsalela Undigested zimane baxoshwa yezinyoni.

Izifo ezihambisana iziyaluyalu we lysosomes

Enzyme musa njalo isebenze kahle. Lysosomes eqhekeza umsebenzi wenziwa kuphela lapho hydrolase akanayo ukushayisana isakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, eziningi yizifo ezihlobene nokungabikho lysosomes, esekelwe ukungasebenzi enzyme.

Lezi ngeziphambeko abizwa ngokuthi izifo USB. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukushoda enzyme substrate zako ezisemqoka umane akuyona kugaywe ku Uhlu Lwemisebenzi Yansukuzonke, ngenxa yalokho luyakha futhi kubangela imiphumela emibi.

Sfingolipidoz, Tay-Sachs syndrome, Sendhoffa isifo, isifo Niemann Khetha, leukodystrophy - zonke lezi izifo ezihlobene nokusebenzelana ukungasebenzi enzyme lysosomal noma engekho yabo ephelele. Izifo eziningi esikhubazayo ngokwemvelo.