Isiqondiso Monetary komnotho

emakethe Modern idinga ukulawula yemali by nabalawuli zangaphandle. Lokhu kungenxa izidingo ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo emakethe, njengoba ngokwayo obunqoba ikhambi izinkinga eziningi zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Umqondo "isandla engabonakali emakethe", owawuthi yokugcina kufanele, ngaphandle kosizo noma ubani ukuze nibhekane nazo zonke izinselele, uhlulekile emazweni amaningi. Futhi eRussia ulukhumbula kahle lolo "Ukwelapha ukushaqeka" ka nineties kwekhulu elidlule. Ukubona ukuthi emakethe uqobo abakwazi khona, kudaleke umonakalo. isiqondiso Monetary emnothweni - omunye amathuluzi lokulawula sangaphandle uhlelo emakethe. Ngokusho zezomnotho eziningi, ithuluzi ebaluleke kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko thina ukuthatha eduze bheka komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali, izinjongo, amathuluzi, izinhlobo. Ake uqale nge base definition.

Umcabango

isiqondiso Monetary emnothweni - iqoqo imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-Central Bank (CB), okuhloswe ngazo ekushintsheni imingcele imali supply.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ibhange elikhulu nohlobo inomthelela supply imali emnothweni. Futhi lokhu isilinganiso kuthinta Dynamics imali inzuzo. ngezansi nje sinalo sihlolisise izindlela lokulawula yemali.

imigomo

Ezingeni macroeconomic izinhloso zomthetho ezilandelayo ivelele:

1. Ukudala izimo sokukhula komnotho.
2. Ligcine ukusimama.
3. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza zenzalo imali emakethe yasekhaya, exchange rate.
4. Ukuphumelelisa ileveli enkulu umsebenzi.

Inhloso ngqangi yalo yemali - ukuze ligcine ukusimama. Yonke enye into lisuselwa kubo. Umnotho Russian ngaphansi ukusimama incike ukunciphisa uhambisane emali. Lokho kuyithinta kanjani isimo sezulu utshalomali kuleli zwe kanye nokuqinisa ukukhula komnotho kwesikhathi eside.

Umqondo emali

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali - ukwehla amandla okuthenga lwemali ngenxa ukwehla yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ngonyaka udonsa 10%. Kule kusobala ukuthi ruble 1000 namuhla kungaba uthenga esilinganayo izimpahla e-1100 ngonyaka.

isilawuli Wemali ye-Central Bank okuhloswe ngokuyinhloko at ekunciphiseni izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Akumangazi ukuthi amabhange Russian umboleke ukubolekisa ezibizayo. Lokhu kungenxa ukwenyuka kakhulu kwamandla emali. Noma kungenzeka ukuba agxilise ezandleni zabo ezishisiwe ezinkulu, njengoba usuku ngalunye oludlulayo inhlokodolobha ngeke "ukudla" imithetho engabonakali emakethe.

umthamo Limited Central Bank

Azikho imisebenzi umthetho Central Bank, ngakho umsebenzi wakhe kumane nje ukulolonga iyehla iyenyuka emakethe e izingxenye ngazinye emakethe yezimali.

Naphezu kokulinganiselwa, Central Bank angase aqhube ukulawula yemali, esiklanyelwe:

1. Thuthukisa ukusebenza abahlanganyeli inzuzo yemali.
2. Bavikele izithakazelo ibhalansi abahlanganyeli emakethe.
3. Dedani eyayenziwe okwandisa izindleko zabo.
4. Yakha izimo for ukutshalwa kwezimali.
5. Zenzele sokuncintisana emakethe.
6. Ukuze sandise emakethe services yasebhange futhi bathuthukise izinga lokuphila kwabo.

Indima yemali Macroeconomics lukhulu lonke futhi ngayinye isakhamuzi ngabanye ngokukhethekile. Namuhla sibona isimo lapho ukwenyuka encishisiwe. Lokhu kwamvulela ithuba lokunikeza ukwehla zenzalo yokuzigcina zifakwe ebhange, okuyinto manje kuyaqabukela idlula 8% ngonyaka. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, nabalawuli kwezomnotho eyayenziwe ukunciphisa ibhalansi wangempela abahlanganyeli emakethe ngokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela, ezifana ngokusebenzisa lwemali ukwehla. okungukuthi ukwehlisa yokufakelwa yenani of the ruble kuholela ukwehla emandleni ayo okuthenga ezimakethe zomhlaba. Sikhishwe yokuthi izwe lethu likwazi zonke izimpahla ukungena sokugcina, esiyibonayo nokwanda okuphawulekayo kwamanani. Ngakho-ke kucacile ukuthi ukulawula yemali eRussia inezidingo sici yayo eqondile Ngokungafani namanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, angeke sikhone kusho ngalokucondzile kutsi kukhona zokupheka jikelele isu kwesokudla izwe ngalinye. izindlela eziphumelelayo ngoba kwelinye izwe kungase kuholele ukuwohloka ngokuphelele kwezimali neminye.

izinto

isilawuli Monetary kuhloswe kumasayithi alandelayo:

1. Izinga inzuzo imali.
2. Umthamo sokubolekwayo.
3. Izinga lwemali kazwelonke.
4. Nezidingo lwemali kazwelonke.
5. Supply imali emnothweni.
6. I okuza we Okuphindaphinda yemali.

isilawuli Monetary ngamunye lezi nemingcele has a nesikhathi esishiwo. Ayakhululwa ku amazinga ehlukene kahulumeni. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuba bathi ukulawulwa kohlelo yemali kubikwa akuxhomekile esimweni kuphela ngesizathu esilula ukuthi Central Bank, okungadingi bazilalele iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, siqhuba ukuzithiba. Kuyinto kusukela isinyathelo esihleliwe isimo futhi Central Bank kuncike ukusebenza yezenzo yamuva.

indlela

Mechanism regulirirovaniya yemali kuhlanganisa:

• Ukubikezela.
• ukuhlela
• Izindlela nemiphumela amathuluzi.

Izisusa izidingo imali

WokuLawula komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali incike isisusa imali funa.

Uhlobo lokuqala - ngesisusa emibhalombiko. Inikeza ukusebenza zamanje kwezomnotho we umhlanganyeli emakethe. Ngoba isilinganiso umuntu ukuthengiselana isisusa kusho isitokwe lemali izindleko zenyanga kuze pay esilandelayo: ukudla, ngezidingo, yokukhokha yeselula nezinye.

Amabhizinisi isisusa emibhalombiko imali, okuyinto zenzelwe ukuba balondoloze ibhizinisi eqhubekayo (ukukhokhela abahlinzeka, nokukhokhwa yerenti, njll).

Ukuze isimo, kuba isitokwe exchange elikuvumela ukunikeza izilinganiso emakethe angaphandle.

Eyesibili uhlobo - ngesisusa zokuqapha. Kuvumela abahlanganyeli emakethe ukwakha inqolobane. Ukuze izakhamuzi ezivamile kulesi icala lihlehliswe ukuze ngosuku oluna imvula, iminikelo idiphozi ukuze silondoloze imithombo kanye nabanye. Amabhizinisi kahulumeni ukudala reserve and kuqiniswa izimali.

Uhlobo lwesithathu - ngesisusa zokucabangela. imali Modern ayikanye umthombo esitolo zenani elikhulu. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye izimali ezisetshenziselwa yokufuna angaphatheki (zezimali) amafa, imali ngesimo isithakazelo ahlukahlukene. Ukuze labo kuzomele sifake amabhondi, amasheya, amathuluzi zezimboni zezimali.

Nezidingo lemali

Nezidingo lemali zinzima kakhulu ukubikezela amagugu. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukubikezela ikusasa isici zokuziphatha, njengoba akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni izici komnotho omkhulu, kodwa futhi on ukuthuthukisa umnotho wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa cryptocurrency kanye e-commerce kuholela ukwehla ukufunwa lwemali kazwelonke. Ukwanda ukufunwa imali incike izici ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuncishiswa wenzuzo emali.
2. ukuzethemba Ukwandisa uhlelo yasebhange.
3. I ekukhuleni komnotho.

Omunye kungaba zilandise isibonelo esihle Russia yemali ngemuva inhlekelele 2008: isimo laphasisa umthetho impoqo ukuthathelwa umshuwalense yonke imali ebhange kuze kube ethile ngaphansi kwazo. Futhi ungakwazi ungesabi ukuthi ibhange hamba ayinamali, njengoba uhulumeni ngokusebenzisa izinkampani zomshuwalense lizokubuyisela ukulahlekelwa. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi inani labantu liphindeke bamethemba ohlelweni yasebhange.

Isidingo imali - inkomba key. izindlela eziphumelelayo futhi amathuluzi lokulawula yemali sincike funa esinamandla sokuthola imali. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi yisifiso sokuba nemali kanye nokwenzeka ukuthola kwabo akufani. Lapha sibhekene a eside ezifana zezimali - ukheshe nemali non-cash kuma-akhawunti asebhange. Isidingo imali lichazwa ngokuthi isabelo ngokulingana of impahla ibe yimali.

Velocity lemali

Wemali Inqubomgomo ukulawulwa emnothweni incike izinkomba ezifana velocity lemali. Kukhula eside ezifakwa emabhange nomthelela ekuncishisweni kwamacala imali velocity, futhi aba amaSheshi, ukulondoloza emnothweni a semali kwandisa Isivinini lemali.

imali supply

Market Regulator kumele kahle ukubala ezingeni saturation imali emnothweni. kungaba ukwazi ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo ukwanda supply imali? Yiziphi kwamandla emali, ukwehla kwamandla emali kanye namazinga amathuba emnothweni? izimpendulo eqondile zale mibuzo kuthinte ukuziphatha control. Omunye kungaba ucaphune isibonelo ekuqaleni kweminyaka emibili senkulungwane eRussia. Ukufika zemali izwe elihlobene ne-super-inzuzo etholakale ngokudayiswa hydrocarbon, kuye kwaba nethonya elibi esimweni umnotho iyonke. Wayengakwazi "inhlabamkhosi" konke supply imali ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ukukhiqizwa. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali yashesha ku 10-12% ngonyaka. Kule ndaba, kwakukhona Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokuthandwa izindleko zesikweletu. Kabi labo imikhakha yezomnotho ezingafakwanga ezihlobene uwoyela negesi wemboni: ezolimo, ezokuthutha, ezokuthutha, engxenyeni kahulumeni. Ukutshalwa kwezimali mikhakha babe azinakwa kuqhathaniswa ne ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezinye izindawo. Futhi, kwaba khona Ukungadli imali zabahlali abavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso somholo we pay Uthisha wahlabeka emhlabeni izinkulungwane 6-7. Ruble ngenyanga, futhi handyman at zokwakha ukuze uthole ruble eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngosuku. Namuhla sibona ukuthi isimo sokungalingani embonini akusilo obonakalayo ngakho, kodwa manje sinezinkinga ohluke ngokuphelele emnothweni.

Supply imali kunqunywa:

1. Kumila yemali (amafa) we Central Bank. Lezi zihlanganisa loans amabhange, izibambiso - ngokuvamile enobuhlobo Treasury amanothi umnotho ehola emhlabeni - exchange angaphandle izinqolobane.
2. Isithakazelo amazinga imali emakethe yasekhaya. Ibizwa nangokuthi ukhiye refinancing izinga. Lokho inani lenzalo lapho Central Bank inikeza ayeyiboleke ngamabhange. Ngokwemvelo, singaphansi kwesilinganiso isithakazelo lapho udaba ukubolekisa zakamuva ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano zezomnotho, ngoba ligamanxa imali ikusasa ebhange kanye iphesenti ingozi futhi ukubuya. Isibonelo, uma ukhiye izinga refinancing kuyinto 7%, iphesenti yibhange imali engango-umuntu wemvelo akukwazi engezansi, njengoba ukulahlekelwa akekho ungeke umboleke. Kumiswa intela yemali emakethe yesikhashana ngesisekelo isilinganiso reserves izinhlelo zamabhange bekelelo yayo. Namuhla sibona isimo ezithakazelisayo ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba sicabange e-mlando nasemlandweni wanamuhla ezweni lethu, abantu babefaka zifakwe ebhange izindodla zemali, okuyinto, ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe zonke oVikelwe. Kule ndaba, nabalawuli zezimali ngawakhamela imali aphume amabhange izakhamuzi, ukudala izimo ngentshisekelo ezansi imali.
3. Sungula inqolobane unomphela.

Uhlelo yasebhange njengoba isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke kwethonya supply imali

Nethonya elikhulu kakhulu supply imali inohlelo yasebhange. Bala izindlela futhi amathuluzi lokulawula yemali:

1. Ukunciphisa noma ngokwandisa inkinga imali.
2. Ukudala inzuzo yemali esimeme.
3. Ukuthengiselana emakethe yezezimali ukuhambisa ngomthetho imali kwegazi.

Izindlela lokulawula yemali emazweni athuthukile kwezomnotho nokuthuthukisa kakhulu ezahlukene.

Central Bank - umdlali osemqoka isiqondiso. Ukuze wenze lokhu, usebenzisa amathuluzi elandelayo ukulawulwa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali:

1. Inkinga yemali.
2. Refinancing amabhange, isb. E. Central Bank iba "yasebhange amabhange" futhi unikeza out ukubolekisa at ngamabhange usethe amazinga abo ofanayo. perekreditovyvatsya kwakamuva kwalezo zimali ezimakethe zasekhaya at ephakeme zenzalo.
3. Vula imisebenzi emakethe ku ukuthengwa nokudayiswa izibambiso nezimali ukukhokha enkundleni ngamazwe.

Ngenxa imisebenzi ngenhla bakha indlela eyodwa isiqondiso yemali.

Ngakho, indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke e Macroeconomics Central Bank of lizwe. Ukwenaba kuncike kwezomnotho kamuva kulesi sihloko.

isimo CBR

I-Russian uhlelo yasebhange, Central Bank - yasebhange main wezwe. He is phezu kwaso sonke isimiso sezinto zezimali futhi yakhelwe ulungise eliphakeme kunawo wonke amanye amabhange kuhambisana isu jikelele kwezomnotho. Lokhu kungenxa refinancing nokulawula. Njengoba umsebenzi wokugcina Central Bank has ilungelo lokumisa imisebenzi zonke izinhlangano credit, kuhoxiswa ilayisensi yakhe. Eminyakeni yamuva, mina sezilufundile uhlu pretty umxhwele ka neschastlivchikov efanayo. Abaningi ngisho kwadingeka umbono ukuthi Bank of ukusula ngokuphelele isayithi amabhange ezinkulu nge isimo iqhaza.

Central Bank ubuye ejenti abalulekile komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. Nokho, akasebenzisi izindlela isinqumo bafinyelele imigomo yabo, nokuphathwa kwezomnotho.

Ukubika kuya Central Bank of Russia?

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Central Bank of Russia - ibhange eyinhloko yezwe, okuyinto nguye kuphela onelungelo ukuphrinta ruble, yena ongalaleli futhi uhulumeni waseRussia noma yimuphi umgwamanda kahulumeni. Uma isimo sethu ngeke sibe nemali eyanele ukukhokhela amaholo, impesheni nezinzuzo, Russian Central Bank ungeke umboleke uhulumeni. Lolu hlelo nakuba Lakhiwa ekuqaleni kumiswa i-Russia ezimele. Lokhu isimo kuphakamisa ososayensi abaningi bezombangazwe shayela B. N. Eltsina - umongameli wokuqala Russian - ngumkhapheli. Ukubika kuya Bank of Russia? Abanye bathi ngokuzethemba ukuthi Central Bank of live letfu - igatsha Federal Reserve, abanye baxhumanisa lokho-International Monetary Fund, kweqiniso ngaphezulu, njengoba kungekho zithinta ngqo ke kulo Mthetho. Nokho, kokubili siqiniseke ukuthi zibuswa Rothschilds kanye Rockefellers.

Kodwa kubalulekile ukuhlaziya zoMthetho Federal ku "The Central Bank of the Russian Federation", konke lokhu iwela indawo: Central Bank siqukethe ikhanda namalungu eBhodi Labaqondisi e nenani abantu 14. Bonke abakhethwe Duma State ngokuhambisana umongameli Russian. Manje kubalulekile ukuphendula umbuzo okunengqondo: ngabe Central Bank of Russia inhlangano pro-American ezinjalo? Impendulo ngokuyikho kuphela uma iPhalamende ngokwayo nayo iyokhululwa khona pro-American.

Futhi, abalandeli US yasebhange central, bathi Russia ukuchaza ukuthi ngo-2014 u-75% inzuzo ingqikithi Central Bank of Russia ukudluliselwa isabelomali sikahulumeni, kanye asele 15% liya Vnesheconombank.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa umthetho ngempela ezinzima ehlukanisa Russia kusukela Central Bank of uhulumeni waseRussia. Futhi uma nixabana bodwa ke umthetho uyoba ibhange elikhulu njengoba nezindaba inkani ziyaxazululwa ezinkantolo ngamazwe, ngokweBhayibheli uMthethosisekelo izixazululo ngenhla ezinkantolo zasekhaya. Lokho kuMthethosisekelo wethu, nesebenzela kuleli zwe kusukela ngo-1993.

Imisebenzi Central Bank of Russia

I Bank of Russia yenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

1. Kuyinto umuntu ayemkweleta credit izikhungo ezweni.
2. Utfutfukisa norhulumende obumbene komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali.
3. It has esinakho udaba ukuqaliswa lwemali kazwelonke.
4. Imisa ukulawula lwemali.
5. Imisa imithetho ukuqhuba imisebenzi yasebhange, ukubika uhlelo yasebhange kanye accounting.

Ohlwini uzophawula ukuthi Central Bank isebenza uhulumeni. E. Ikhonza njengabameleli abalingani, futhi akukho nokuncane ukusikiselwa kokuziphendukela iyiphi kwakuwukuthi. Leli qiniso kusikisela ukuba eziningi Russia - ikoloni kohlelo lwezezimali kwezincwadi eNtshonalanga. Nokho, abavikeli kohlelo bakholelwa ukuthi uvumela ukunqanda nangobudlova esikhundleni kwezikhulu Russian zasendaweni ekushayweni engalawuliwe imali kanye njalo credit yasekhaya. Kwanele ukuhlaziya kwenkululeko inkohlakalo, okuyinto vele akukho mfihlo ukubuza ukuthi ukulawula yangaphandle phezu wokunyathelisa kuyisici engakhi? Mhlawumbe nje leli qiniso ngandlela-thile ukulondoloza izwe kusukela izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali Imininingwane.

Imizamo ubuyisele "ukuzimela"

Ezweni lethu kukhona eziningi amalungu ePhalamende nabezombusazwe abakuveza khulumela ukusungulwa Central Bank. Basuke njalo busuka Duma State umthetho okusalungiswa, kodwa ngokumelene nalo ngokushesha liphuma wave omubi ukugxeka komphakathi. Kungani lokhu kwakwenzeka? Kungenzeka ukuthi izakhamuzi zethu abangethembi uhulumeni wethu ukuthi izikhathi eziningi bayaphepha ukukhohliswa. Abaningi ukukhetha ngokuzijamela Central Bank of uhulumeni waseRussia inamathela ukuzethemba okukhulu esikhathini esizayo kuka ngokudlulisela ke esimweni, okuzokwenza alinakho ukulawula supply imali. Khumbula izinsuku eU.SSR: imali kwase akekho owayefuna ukuthengisa izimpahla amaqatha engenamsebenzi neliphepha isimo sonke isikhathi liphazamisa komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali futhi malini Bank for short-term inzuzo zezombusazwe alimaze ukuthuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, esimweni lapho abakhiqizi kwezimpahla egcinwe emafektri, ungahlosile udala kusilela, futhi abelane yona "ngomgunyathi" ngentengo fair. Ayikho izinyathelo zokuphatha ungazange kwasiza ukwenza ama cooperatives bakwazi ukungena kwimakethe yokuphehla zomthetho. Yingakho izakhamuzi zethu basala ngaphandle iminikelo yabo, kusukela ukufukulwa komnotho kwakudingeka ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele kubo ngenxa okokuqandisa akhawunti kanye ukusheshisa ayehle kakhulu amandla emali.

State Bank of USSR

ESoviet Union State Bank kuyinto okhonzile ngokuphelele uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe wase-USSR. Inani lemali ekufinyelelwa zomthetho. UMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe wayala, futhi iBhangengodla has Inkinga isisekelo salo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela esimweni lapho isayensi kwezomnotho ibizwa ngokuthi "izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali becindezela". Ngamanye amazwi-ke kungenziwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: kukhona imali ngaso sonke, kodwa azikwazi ukuthenga lutho. Lokhu kuyaqondakala: abakhiqizi ayethanda ngifuna ukugcina izimpahla ezithile emafektri hhayi ukuwudayisa, ngoba imali besinganaso leso Inani esiphila ejwayele namhlanje. Empeleni iqhakazile enana, okuyinto efana uhlelo amakhosi asendulo. Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane kungaphinde kwenzeke futhi uma kukahulumeni Bank of Russia.