Isiphi isiqondiso esivezwa eNyakatho Nkanyezi nokuthi singayithola kanjani esibhakabhakeni sezinkanyezi?

I-Polaris mhlawumbe enye yezinkanyiso ezibhekiswe kakhulu. Mayelana nayo kuthiwa emakhasini eqiniso, kumanothi abasebenza olwandle, ucwaningo lwesayensi. Udumo lwakhe, ngisho nokuthandwa, ukukhanya kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ekuqondisweni kweNorth Star. Isikhundla salo esiyingqayizivele iminyaka engamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye kusiza ukuhamba abahamba ngezinyawo ngasolwandle nasemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lidlala indima ekunqumeni amabanga kuma-expanses e-cosmic, ngakho-ke yinto yezifundo eziningi zesayensi. Kodwa mayelana nakho konke okuhlelekile.

Izinkanyezi zokudansa

Impendulo yombuzo wendlela isiqondiso se-Polaris esibonisa ngayo ngokungenakulinganiswa esixhunyaniswe nendawo yesikhanyiso esiteji sezulu esicabanga. Uma ubona izinkanyezi ezivela eMhlabeni, kubonakala sengathi zihambahamba emhlabeni jikelele, bese ziphonsa phansi, bese zivela futhi. Emifanekisweni ethathwe ikhamera ene-exposure eside, kucacile ukuthi lezi zinkanyiso zihamba ngezinyathelo eziyindilinga zama diameter ahlukene. Ezincane, ziseduze nenkanyezi kuya esigxotsheni sendawo yasezulwini. Phakathi nendawo yezinkanyezi ezakhiwe yi-motion, kukhona iphuzu elinqunyiwe eNyakatho Yezwe Elisha . Lona iNkanyezi YaseNyakatho, noma, njengoba yayibizwa ngabanye abantu, iNew Nail, i-Star Prick, i-Iron noma i-Celestial Kol, i-Golden Pile.

Izici zesimo

Isichazamazwi "isikhali" sinenhlanhla kakhulu: uma uqhubeka ngenduku yensimbi engacabangeki "esikhwameni", kulula ukuqonda ukuthi yisiphi isiqondiso iNorth Star ebonisa. Le "nail" ihlaba umhlaba ngqo eNyakatho Pole, idlula kuzo zonke izingxenye zangaphakathi zeplanethi iphinde ibonakale ekugcineni kweSouth Pole. Ngakho-ke, iNkanyezi yaseNyakatho esibhakabhakeni itholakala ekuqhubekeni kwe-axis yomhlaba. Kusuka eNyakatho YePleti ingaphansi kwe-1 °.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Polaris ihamba ngendlela efanayo nezinye izinkanyezi. Indawo ebonakalayo ecacile kithi ixhunywe nendawo ekukhulisweni kwe-axis. Ngempela, eqinisweni, ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi okusheshayo kuhlanganiswa hhayi nje nokunyakaza kwabo, kodwa futhi nokujikeleza komhlaba. Ukuzungeza i-axis, uMhlaba uphendukela ezinkanyezini bese uyedwa, bese uhlangothi olulodwa. Futhi kuphela izikhanyiso ezitholakala ngaphezu kwezibonda zibona njalo ingxenye efanayo yomhlaba. Ngendlela, eSouth Pole nayo inezinkanyezi zayo siqu - i-Sigma Octanta, kodwa inzima kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nabanye. Nokho, emva kwesikhathi konke kungashintsha.

Okuthunyelwe kudlulile - okuthunyelwe kwamukelwe

I-North Star ibonisa isiqondiso esenyakatho kusukela ngo-1100 AD. Njengoba sisondelene kakhulu, kuyoba sesibalo sezwe kuphela ngo-2100, bese siqala ukunyamalala. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi isikhathi se-index enkulu sidluliselwa kusuka kwesinye isibonakaliso kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kungenxa yokunyakaza okufanele kwezinkanyezi, kanye nesehlakalo sokulandelana kwe-axis yomhlaba. Induku engacabangi yokubhoboza iplanethi ibuye ihambe: ichaza kancane kancane imibuthano. Isizathu sisezinqunjeni zokuma kwezwe kanye nesenzo samandla okukhangwa. I-axis idlula umbuthano owodwa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-26.

Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 edlule enendima yeNorth North yenze isenzo seVega, iphuzu eliqhakazile le- constellation yaseLyra. Futhi eminyakeni engaphansi kwezingu-11 000, uzophinde athathe lesi sikhundla. Ukufaka esikhundleni sezinkanyezi ze-Polar esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuzofika ku-Alray (Gamma Cepheus), kuyoba ngo-3200. Futhi ngo-5000, i-Alray izoshintshwa yi-Beta yenkimbinkimbi efanayo, i-Alfirk, bese kuthi ngo-6500, i-Alderamin (i-Alfa Cepheus). Esikhathini esiphakathi kweminyaka engu-8500 no-13 000, isikhundla se-Polar Star sizobe sithathwe uDeneb noSadr kusukela ku-Cygnus yamaqoqo.

Indlela yokuthola iNkanyezi yaseNyakatho?

I-Nail yaseNyakatho iyinganekwane ephikisana kakhulu, ezalwa nodumo lwakhe nokuthandwa. Kubonakala sengathi inkanyezi, okuyinto wonke umuntu osezindebe zakhe, okufanele abe yiyo uma kungenjalo ekhanyayo esibhakabhakeni, okungenani igqugquzela abanye abaningi. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akunjalo. Inkanyezi ye-polar isendaweni ye-constellation ye-Little Ursa kanye nezinye izikhanyiso ekubunjweni kwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ohlwini lwamaphuzu aqhakazile kakhulu esibhakabhakeni sonke, ubamba indawo engu-46 kuphela. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ungathola kanjani i-Polar Star.

Isikhumbuzo esiyinhloko yi- Big Dipper. I-constellation ijwayele cishe wonke umuntu kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ukuthola i-Nail yaseNyakatho, udinga ukuqondisa ngengqondo eyodwa ngqo emaceleni ezinkanyezi ezimbili ezidlulele zeBigket Big - Dubge naseMerak. Uma siqhubeka nomugqa ibanga cishe elilingana namagceke amahlanu phakathi kweDubga neMerak, khona-ke i-Polaris izotholakala ekupheleni kwayo. Ubeka umsila we-Little Ursa.

Ungayithola kanjani indlela yokuhamba nge-North Star?

Kusukela umzuzu iNorth Nail usondelene nendawo yomhlaba, wawusetshenziswa njengendawo yokukhomba elula. Inkanyezi ye-polar ibonisa isiqondiso esenyakatho, futhi ngokunembile nakakhulu kunekhampasi ehlukile. Kulesi simo kulula kakhulu ukuthola izinhlangothi zokukhanya. Kudingekile ukuhlehlisa umqondo obheke phezulu kusuka eNyakatho Star. Uma ubhekene naye, khona-ke iningizimu izoba khona ngqo, empumalanga ngakwesokudla, entshonalanga ngakwesobunxele.

I-North Star ayibonisi nje isiqondiso esenyakatho kuphela, futhi isebenza njengesibonakaliso sobubanzi bezwe. Ukuze unqume, udinga ukukala ukuphakama kokukhanya ngaphezu kwezwe. I-value encane, esiseduze ne-equator. Enyakatho yeNyakatho iNkanyezi yaseNyakatho itholakala e-zenith. E-equator, cishe ihlangene nomugqa ogqamile. Kwakungenxa yokunquma i-angle phakathi kweNyakatho YaseNyakatho nasenyakatho ekuqondeni ngasenyakatho ukuthi oomkhumbi bamakhulu eminyaka adlule baqondisa indawo, bahlela futhi baqondisa umzila wabo.

Kwezinye amaplanethi

Ezingxenyeni zesikhala kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkanyezi zethu ze-Polar. Ukuguquka kuzungeze i-axis kuyimpahla engenakulinganiswa kuwo wonke amaplanethi, ngakho-ke, uma ubona ukuhamba kwezinkanyezi ebusweni, kulula ukuthola amaphuzu ahleliwe akhomba amapulangwe aseNingizimu naseNyakatho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Mercury, inkanyezi ye-polar - u-Omicron Ophiuchus, umdwebi wakhe wezinkanyezi eziseningizimu - Alpha. Kukhona iNew Nail kanye neNyanga yi-Golden Fish Delta.

Ukubaluleka kokuthola izinkanyezi

I-Polar Star, noma i-Alpha ye-Ursa Minor, nayo inesethi yonke yezici ezenza kube okuyingqayizivele. Phakathi kwabo - ukuguqulwa ngezikhathi ezithile, okuvumela ukuhlukanisa isibonakaliso ekilasini lama-cepheids. Zibonakaliswa ngushintsho ekukhanyeni, izinga lokushisa nosayizi. Inkathi yokudonsa inkanyezi ye-Polar yizinsuku ezingu-397. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinguquko ekukhanyeni okuvela eMhlabeni azibonakali.

Izifundo zibonise ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkathi zokutshala nokukhanya kwe-cepheids. Kwabe sekuyisikhathi eside, ukukhanya okukhulu. Lesi silinganiso sisetshenziswe ku-astronomy ukuze sinqume ibanga ukuya ezintweni ezikude. Futhi njengoba i-Polaris yiCepheid esiseduzane nesistimu yelanga, inselelo yayo ekubaleni kunzima ukugcizelela, ikakhulukazi uma kunikezwa ibanga elikhulayo kuya kwenkanyezi yezinkanyezi, ukunemba kwedatha kunciphisa.

Akuyona ejwayelekile

Le ndawo ye-Polar Star iye yakhanga abacwaningi abaningi kuyo. Phakathi nesifundo kwaziwa ukuthi iNorth Nail - i-cepheid ayilula. I-pulsations yayo inesici: kancane kancane iphela. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka kwakukhona isiphakamiso sokuthi ekuqaleni kuka-2000s inkanyezi ingaqeda ukuba yi-cepheid, into engakaze yenzeke emlandweni wesayensi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akukenzeki: ngo-1993, izinguquko ezilinganisweni ze-pulsations zayeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi inkanyezi yanda ngo-15%.

Cosmic Infinity

Idatha ekukhanyeni nendawo yazo zonke i-cepheids eliseduzane isetshenziselwa ukunquma ibanga ukuya ezintweni ezikude. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka edlule udumo u-Edwin Hubble wanikezela ibanga le-nebula le-Andromeda futhi wabonisa ukuthi kunezinye izinkanyezi. Namuhla, ngokusekelwe endleleni, ubukhulu bezinkanyezi eziningi "ezijwayelekile" zibalwe. Iphinde idale ukuqonda kwanamuhla kwezinga lendawo yonke.

Okuncane "kodwa"

Ukubanjwa kungukuthi namuhla phakathi kwabacwaningi akukho mqondo ovamile mayelana nebanga eliya ku-Polar Star ngokwayo. Isibalo esamukelekile, esingu-400 esinomnyaka omncane wokukhanya, sitholwe yi-satellite "Gipparcos" ngo-1990. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa izinguquko: okokuqala kwahliswa kwaba ngu-330, futhi kwaphakanyiswa eminyakeni engama-359. Ekugcineni, ngo-2012, uDavid Turner wafaka phambili ukucabanga okusha - eminyakeni engu-323 elula.

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, i-Polaris yi-cepheid eliseduzane nesistimu yelanga. Ngokunciphisa noma ukwanda ekude, ukuqonda kwethu izikali ze-cosmic nakho kuyashintsha. Ukunciphisa inani hhayi nje kwenza izinkanyezi nezinkanyezi ziseduze, kodwa futhi kuthonya ukulinganisa ubukhulu bendawo yonke. Ukucacisa ibanga eliya kwi-Polar Star kuzokwenza izilungiso zalo ekuqondeni izikali zesikhala, kuzophoqelela ukugqamisa ubukhulu bobuningi bendaba emnyama, kungaholela ekubuyiselweni kwezici ezithile zombono wokwandiswa kwendawo yonke.

Izici zezinkanyezi

Isiqondiso esibhekwa yinkanyezi ye-polar, kuso sonke, sincike kancane kwezinye izici zayo ze-cosmic. Kodwa-ke, kungashiwo, ukukhokhela ukuthobeka kokukhanya kwesibonakaliso kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni isimo endaweni .

Inkanyezi ye-polar iyanda futhi ikhulu kunelanga. Kungokwaseklasini yezintandokazi, inendawo engaphezu kwe-solar eyodwa ngezikhathi ezingu-46. Ukukhanya kweNorth Nail kunamaphesenti angama-2500 ngaphezu kwepharamitha elifanayo lenkanyezi yethu.

Kodwa akuzona zonke: i-Polar ayiyona inkanyezi eyodwa. Ifika ohlelweni lwezinkanyiso ezintathu, ezihlukile ngobukhulu nokukhanya. I-Polar A yiyona ndawo ephakathi kwesistimu, okuyiyona ndlela ephakeme kakhulu, endaweni eqondile kuyo i-Polyarnaya B. Le nkanyezi incane kakhulu, ubukhulu bayo buyi-1.39 yelanga (ubukhulu be-Polar A buyi-4.5 elanga). Isondelene kakhulu nomngane wakhe, uPolar Ab (izikhathi ezingu-1.26 ubukhulu be-Sun). Ngenxa yokuthi ibanga elincane lihlukanisa izibani ezimbili, "umngane othobekile" akatholakalanga isikhathi eside. Isithombe sakhe satholakala kuphela ngosizo lwe-telescope yeHubble.

Kuvela, hhayi kuphela lapho i-North Star ibonisa khona, yenza kube yedwa esibhakabhakeni. I-cepheid ne-triple system engavamile, ithatha izingqondo zezinkanyezi eziningi. Futhi kubonakala sengathi kufanekisela. Sekuyisikhathi eside emlandweni, ukuqondiswa kwe-Polar Star (indlela ekhonjiswe ngayo) kwasiza ukuhamba ubusuku ngobuningi bomkhumbi noma endaweni engajwayelekile.

Namuhla, uma esikhundleni sezimpawu zemvelo kaningi amadivaysi namajejethi asetshenziswayo njalo, i-Polar Star ihlala ingxenyeni yokubheka esikhaleni sangaphandle. Futhi nakuba iNorth North ngekhwalithi yayo entsha ingabonakali isiqondiso, kodwa isiza ukucacisa ibanga, ukubaluleka kwayo nokubaluleka komuntu nesayensi yonke ayinciphisi. Futhi abacwaningi basebenzela incazelo ecacile yokuthi iPollar Star isuswa kude kangakanani eSangeni, kungani i-pulsation yayo ishona, futhi ungayinaki le nto encane futhi engathandeki, emehlweni omuntu obuka umhlaba olula, inkanyezi.