Isazi sezifo zengqondo sase-Italy uLombroso Cesare: biography, izincwadi, imisebenzi nempumelelo

ULombroso uCesare ungumuntu owaziwa ngobugebengu, owezingqondo kanye nomphakathi wezenhlalo. Uyikhokho wesikole sase-Italy se-anthropology yobugebengu. Lesi sihloko sizochaza incazelo yakhe.

Intsha futhi isifundo

ULombroso uCesare wazalelwa eVerona ngo-1836. Umndeni womfana wawucebile kakhulu, ngoba wawunezindawo eziningi. Ngesikhathi esemusha, uCesare wafunda izilimi zesiShayina nezamaSemite. Kodwa akazange akwazi ukwenza umsebenzi othulile. Isiphetho enqabeni yezinsolo zokwenza ugobe, ukulahlekelwa impahla, ukubamba iqhaza empini kwavusa insizwa ukuthi inentshisekelo yokugula kwengqondo. Izihloko zokuqala ngalezi sihloko uCesare washicilelwa eminyakeni engu-19, eqeqeshwa kwi-Medical Faculty (iYunivesithi yasePavia). Kuzo, isazi sezifo zengqondo esizayo satshela ngenkinga ye-cretinism. Le nsizwa ngokwayo yafunda izihloko ezinzima ezifana nokuhlanzeka kwezenhlalakahle kanye ne-ethnolinguistics. Ngo-1862 wanikezwa isihloko seprofesa wezokwelapha, futhi kamuva - isayensi yezenzo zobugebengu kanye nesifo sengqondo somthetho. I-Lombroso iphinde iholele emtholampilo wezifo zengqondo. Indima eqondile ekubunjweni kwakhe kwengqondo yadlala yifilosofi ye-positivism. I-postulate yayo eyinhloko ukuqinisekiswa kokubaluleka kolwazi lwesayensi, olutholakala ngokuhlola.

Isiqondiso se-anthropological

UCesare Lombroso ungumsunguli we-anthropological isiqondiso emthethweni wezobugebengu kanye nezobugebengu. Izici eziyinhloko zalokhu mkhuba yizo zokulwa nobugebengu kuyadingeka ukwethula indlela yesayensi yemvelo - ukubuka kanye nesipiliyoni. Futhi obani bomenzi wobugebengu kufanele abe yisikhungo sokutadisha.

Izifundo zokuqala ze-anthropometric

Zaziqhutshwa ososayensi emashumini angamashumi ayisithupha ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. UCesare wasebenza njengodokotela ngaleso sikhathi, futhi wabamba iqhaza enkampanini yokuqeda ukuqhuma amabhomu eningizimu ye-Italy. Izinto eziqoqiwe nguprofesa zaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-anthropology yobugebengu nokuhlanzeka kwezenhlalakahle. Usosayensi wahlaziya idatha eyimfihlo futhi waphetha ngokuthi isimo esibucayi sezenhlalakahle nezomnotho eseningizimu ye-Italy sanikele ekuzalweni kwabantu kule ndawo yezinhlobo ezingokomqondo nezingokwemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, bangabantu abanobugebengu abavamile. Le-anomaly Cesare yembula ngokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwengqondo kanye ne-anthropometric. Ngesisekelo salokhu, ukuhlolwa kokubikezelwa kwamandla okuthuthukiswa kobugebengu kwenziwa. Ngendlela yakhe yokucabanga, isosayensi inselele isikhundla se-criminology esemthethweni, esho kuphela umuntu owephula umthetho.

I-craniograph

ULombrozo wayengowokuqala wabacwaningi ukusebenzisa indlela ye-anthropometric esebenzisa i-craniograph. Ngalesi divayisi, uCesare walinganisa ubukhulu bezingxenye zekhanda kanye nobuso babasolwa. Imiphumela yanyatheliswa nguye emsebenzini "Anthropometry of infringers 400", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1872.

Inkolelo ye "owehlulekayo"

Usosayensi wasungula ngo-1876. Ngaleso sikhathi umsebenzi wakhe, i-The Criminal Person, washicilelwa. UCesare ukholelwa ukuthi abahlukumezi ababa, kodwa bazalwa. Okusho ukuthi ngokwe-Lambroso, ubugebengu buyinto efanayo yemvelo njengokufa noma ukuzalwa. Uprofesa wafika kuleso siphetho, eqhathanisa imiphumela yezifundo ze-psychological pathological, physiology kanye ne-anatomy yezigebengu nge- data yabo ye- anthropometric. Ngokombono wakhe, lowo owenze iphutha uyingozi, ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwakhe kusukela ekuziphendukeni komuntu ojwayelekile. Umuntu onjalo akanakukwazi ukulawula ukuziphatha kwakhe, futhi indlela engcono kakhulu ukumqeda, ukumlahla impilo noma inkululeko.

Kukhona nokuhlukaniswa kwabaphula umthetho, okwakhiwa uCesare Lombroso. Izinhlobo zezigebengu, ngokombono wakhe, ziyi: abaphangi, abadlwenguli, amasela nababulali. Ngamunye wabo unezici ezingenasici zenhlobo yokuziphendulela, okufakazela ukuthi kukhona ubugebengu obunjalo kanye nokwehliswa kwentuthuko. Uprofesa wachaza izinhlamba (izici zomzimba) nezici zengqondo, ukuthi kuzoba yini okuzosiza ukukhomba umuntu onikezelwe ukuzalwa ngokuthambekela kobugebengu. Izibonakaliso eziyinhloko zommangaleli uCesare wayebheke njengokubukeka okuvela ngaphansi kwephepheni lakhe, imifantu emikhulu, ikhanda eliphansi, impumu ebomvu, njll. Ukuba khona kwabo kwenza kube lula ukukhomba isigebengu ngisho nangaphambi kokuba enze ubuhlungu obukhulu. Kulokuxhumano, usosayensi wabiza ukuthi izazi zezenhlalo, izazi ze-anthropologists kanye nodokotela zilethwe kujaji, futhi umbuzo wecala kufanele uthathelwe indawo ngombuzo wokulimala komphakathi.

Ngendlela, okwamanje izilinganiso ze-anthropometric zenziwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba. Futhi lokhu akuvamile nje kuphela amasevisi akhethekile nebutho. Isibonelo, ulwazi lwe-anthropometry luyadingeka ekwakhiweni kwezintambo kanye nezinto, kanye nokucwaninga kwemakethe yezabasebenzi (abasebenzi).

Izinkinga zombono

Ukubukwa kwesayense kaCesare Lombroso kwakunzima kakhulu futhi akuzange kucabangele izici zenhlalo zobugebengu. Ngakho-ke, inkolelo yososayensi yagxeka kakhulu. UCésare kwadingeka ngisho nokunciphisa isikhundla sakhe. Emisebenzini yakhe yakudala, wabhala njengendlela yokuzalwa yangempela ye-anthropological kuphela yabangu-40% waboni. Futhi, usosayensi waqaphela ukubaluleka kokungewona ufa - ezenhlalakahle nezenhlalakahle - izimbangela zobugebengu. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, umbono wakhe ungabizwa ngokuthi yi-biosociological.

"Genius and insanity"

Mhlawumbe, lo ngumsebenzi odume kakhulu kaCesare Lombroso. "Genius and insanity" yabhalwa ngu-1895. Kule ncwadi, uprofesa ubeka phambili umbono oyinhloko. Kuzwakala kanje: "I-Genius yinto engavamile yobuchopho ehambisana nomqondo wokuphefumula kwengqondo." UCesare wabhala ukuthi ngokwemvelo, ukufana kwamahlakaniphi kumadmen kumane kumangaze. Benza ukusabela okufanayo emangalisweni yasemkhathini, futhi ubuhlanga nobuhlanga banomphumela ofanayo ekuzalweni kwabo. Abaningi abaningi babenamahloni. Lezi zihlanganisa: uSchopenhauer, uRousseau, Newton, Swift, Cardano, Tasso, Schumann, Comte, Amper kanye nabaculi nabaculi abaningi. Esikhathini sesithasiselo encwadini yakhe, uLombroso wachaza izimpendulo ze-skull of geniuses kanye nezibonelo ezikhonjiwe zemisebenzi yezombhalo yabalobi be-crazy.

Imiphakathi yezobugebengu zezombangazwe

Ingxenye yakhe ebaluleke kunazo zonke yefa ngendlela yokucwaninga uCesare eyishiye ngenxa yalesi siyalo. Inkulumo ethi "Anarchists" ne "Revolution Yezopolitiki Nobugebengu" yimisebenzi emibili eyabhalwa yilo mbandela. Lezi zenzo zisadumile ezweni lakwasosayensi. Isimo sobugebengu bezombusazwe sasakazwa e-Italy ngekhulu lama-19-20 njengendlela yobuphekula be-anarchist. Uprofesa uphenyisisa ngombono wokucubungula ukuthi ngubani owenze umenzi wobugebengu, owazinikelwa emkhakheni wezobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle. Usosayensi wabiza ukuthi isimo salo mkhuba senza ukwehliswa kwemigomo ephakeme yobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, inkohlakalo yezombusazwe kanye nenkinga yentando yeningi ephalamende lase-Italy.

Omunye umsebenzi odumile nguCesare Lombroso - "The Love of the Madmen". Lembula ukubonakaliswa kwalo mzwelo kubantu abagula ngengqondo.

Isingeniso sokulawula ukuphendula komzimba

Cesare Lombroso, izincwadi zakhe ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke, uye waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa emiphumeleni ye-forensics ku-physiology. Ngo-1880, usosayensi waqala ukulinganisa ukushaywa nokucindezelwa kwabesolwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokucwaninga. Ngakho-ke, wayekwazi kalula ukucacisa ukuthi ngabe umgebengu ongase abe ngumqambimanga uqamba amanga noma cha. Futhi idivaysi yokulinganisa ukucindezela kanye ne-pulse ibizwa ngokuthi ...

I-Plethysmograph

Ngo-1895 uLombroso Cesare washicilela imiphumela etholakale ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zomculo ngesikhathi sokuphenywa. Kwesinye isifundo esinjalo lo profesa wasebenzisa i-plethysmograph. Lo mzamo wahamba kanje: umsolwa ekubulaweni wabuzwa ukuba enze izibalo eziningi zezibalo engqondweni yakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, idivayisi exhunywe kuyo yalungisa i-pulse. Kwabe sekuboniswa izithombe eziningana zezingane ezimele (phakathi kwazo kwakukhona isithombe sensizwa ebulawe). Esikhathini sokuqala, ukushayela kwakhe kwagijima, futhi okwesibili kwakuseduze nokujwayelekile. Kulokhu, uCesare waphetha ngokuthi umsolwa wayengenacala. Futhi imiphumela yophenyo yaqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwakhe. Mhlawumbe, lokhu kwakungowokuqala ezincwadini zokusebenzisa umtshina wamanga, okwaholela ekutholeni icala. Futhi wathi ukuqapha ukuphendula komzimba komuntu kungabonakali kuphela ulwazi afihlekile, kodwa futhi kubeka ukungabi namacala.

Usosayensi washona eTurin ngo-1909.

I-Lombroso eRussia

Imibono engumqondo ka-professor yayiyaziwa kakhulu ezweni lethu. Bamelelwa nguchungechunge lwezinguquko zokuphila kanye nokuthunyelwa kwesimo sikaCesare Lombroso: "Owesilisa-owephulwa nobufebe", "Anti-Semitism", "Anarchists", njll. Ngo-1897, ososayensi wafika enhlanganweni yezidakamizwa zaseRussia eyanikeza isiNtaliyane ukwamukela ngenkuthalo. Kulezi zimemo, uCesare wabonisa leyo nkathi ye-biography yakhe. Walahla ukuhlelwa kwezenhlalo zaseRussia ngokubambisana kwamaphoyisa ("ukucindezelwa komlingiswa, unembeza, imicabango yobuntu") nokuzibusa.

Lombrozianism

Leli gama lalisakazwa kabanzi ngesikhathi seSoviet futhi lisho isiqondiso se-anthropological yesikole somthetho wobugebengu. Ngokugxeka kakhulu imfundiso kaCesare mayelana nesigebengu esizalwa. Ama-jurists aseSoviet ayekholelwa ukuthi indlela enjalo ingqubuzana nesimiso sokufaneleka, futhi ine-orientation futhi ethandwayo-ethandwa kakhulu, ngoba ilahla izenzo zokuguquguquka zabantu abasebenzisayo. Inqubo enjalo yokucwasa inhloso yachitha iningi lezinsizakalo zoprofesa ekucwaningeni izimbangela eziyinhloko zokubhikisha kanye nezinhlobo eziyingozi zokulwa nomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Naphezu kokukhohlisa futhi ukugxeka nje abanye abafundisayo, uLombroso Cesare ungomunye wabososayensi abavelele kakhulu ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Wayengumaphayona wokuletha izindlela zomgomo kwisayensi yezomthetho. Futhi imisebenzi yakhe yakhuthaza kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo yezomthetho kanye nobugebengu.