Isayensi nomlando we-imvelaphi, ukwakheka, ukuthuthukiswa

Izibalo, umlando lapho kuzoxoxwa yithi namuhla - it is a isayensi, okuyinto linomlando omude. It elisuka endulo. umkhuba Statistical wabonakala ngenxa ukwakheka isimo. Ukuze-ke wasuka, kwakudingekile ukuba ulwazi ezweni, nenani labantu abahlala kuzo, sinjani isimo sabo sezimali, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Futhi kwaba ukuqoqwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo abathintekayo. Umlando ukuvela ukuthuthukiswa yayo okusesihlokweni esithi sisebenza kokubili emhlabeni nesayensi yasekhaya. Ake uqale nge angaphandle, bese uqhubekela Russian izibalo incazelo.

Umlando Omfushane Development of Statistics

iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nje edlule, amarekhodi komhlaba kanye labantu, kanye ezihlukahlukene ukwaziswa okuphathelene naye labetibambile eGibhithe lasendulo, eRoma futhi China. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo baqala ukubuthana ukwaziswa okuhlobene lo mkhakha ulwazi, njengoba izibalo. Ngakho-ke, umlando wabo wetuthuko, bangana Eyinkulungwane. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, idatha waqala kusetshenzwe futhi ihlaziye, futhi hhayi nje ukuhlangabezana, okungukuthi, kwakungekho ukuvela izibalo njengoba isayensi.

Lesi sikole emkhakheni we-arithmetic zezombusazwe, futhi ezimbili izinkomba kwezibalo emsebenzini wabo

izibalo kwezombusazwe eNgilandi School emelelwa abasunguli ezifana D. Graunt (iminyaka yokuphila - 1620-1674), E. Halley, owaphila kusukela 1656 kuya 1742, uW Petty (1623-1687). izitayela ezimbili bungabonakala ngemisebenzi lezi zazi. Eyokuqala wabo - yobuzwe (Halley futhi Graunt) kokuba kugcizelela nezindaba ezihlobene umshwalense. Eyesibili isiqondiso - izibalo kanye nezomnotho, okumelelwe W. Petty. D. Graunt waba ngowokuqala ukuthola imithetho ezikhona imihlola yoquqaba lomphakathi. Wabonisa indlela ukuhlaziya kanye ukucubungula ukwaziswa okuyinhloko. Graunt wenza umzamo wokuqala ukuze udale ithebula yokufa.

sezinkanyezi IsiZulu E. Halley (portrait wakhe uvezwa ngenhla) wasikisela ukuthi umthetho izinombolo ezinkulu. Wayesebenzisa izindlela zokuhluka ekuqedeni (okungahleliwe). B. Petty - ngusosayensi uye eyenziwa eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile ngokwesayensi ukuthi uphawule umlando ukuthuthukiswa kwezibalo. Kulezi imisebenzi wayefuna ukuhlola ngokuqondile lokhu noma lowo mkhuba, ngisho noma kukhona ukuntuleka kwemininingwane zezinombolo.

Ososayensi abasebenza emkhakheni we-arithmetic zezombusazwe, wazama elichaza anda isimo umphakathi kanye nentuthuko yayo, ukuqonda amaphethini imihlola ehlukahlukene kulo, okuyinto avele impahla mass. Emigomweni ukuthi ukuphishekela, eduze ukuqonda samanje isayensi ezifana izibalo. Umlando sokuthuthuka okwengeziwe libhekene ezintsha. Thina uqhubekele luhlolo lwabo.

isiqondiso izibalo kanye zezibalo

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, indlela yesithathu - izibalo kanye zezibalo. Usosayensi A. Quetelet (iminyaka yokuphila - 1796-1874, portrait ethulwa ngenhla) enza khona umnikelo ekhethekile ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Izibalo wabiza physics kwezenhlalo, ie, isayensi ukuthi ufunda imithetho umphakathi nokusetshenziswa izindlela ambalwa. Ketle obuqinisekisa umbono yokusebenzisa amaphethini eyatholakala kusukela amacala mass, njengoba ithuluzi ebalulekile ngalo muntu ongakwazi ukumazi iqiniso umgomo.

ukuqhubeka West Izibalo

Izibalo Umlando phesheya ekhulwini le-19 liye kulekelelwa amagama amasha kanye nemiklomelo. F. UGalton (iminyaka yokuphila - 1822-1911) futhi K. Pirsons, owaphila kusukela ngo-1857 kuya ku-1936 - ososayensi baseBrithani abaye negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngale field yolwazi. Eyokuqala kubona balimale kabi le nkinga ufuzo. UGalton (isithombe sakhe kunikezwa ngenhla) ngokushesha isetshenziswa yayo izindlela ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, okwakunginika imiphumela emihle.

R. Fisher (iminyaka yokuphila - 1890-1962) kuyinto eyaziwayo engcono izazi Western esifundeni isithakazelo ekhulwini lama-20. Wasebenza iminyaka 50. izifundo eziningi Fisher nomthelela obalulekile ukuqhubeka lo mkhakha ulwazi, njengoba izibalo.

Umlando sidilizwa Rus Izibalo

Njengoba izwe lethu, eRussia, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka 10-12, lwazi oluqoqwe mayelana intela. Phakathi nenkathi yezinguquko ezinkulu kaPetru mina zathinteka cishe zonke izici zomphakathi. Lokhu kwakudinga iqoqo ulwazi olunembile kwezibalo ohambisana nokubhaliswa izimboni kanye izitshalo, okusanhlamvu amanani, semizi futhi inani lazo, ivolumu namanye amazwe kanye nabanye.

esikoleni okuchazayo

Ezweni lethu, umkhuba achazayo okhula ngokushesha, futhi ngesisekelo lesi kwakhiwa umlando izibalo eRussia. Laba bameleli be-ngobukhulu esikoleni achazayo - ososayensi ezifana MV Lomonosov (iminyaka yokuphila - 1711-1765), IK Kirillov (1689-1737), K. F. German (1767-1838), kanye VN . Tatischev (isithombe sakhe kunikezwa ngenhla), owayehlala esikhathini kusuka 1686 kuya 1750.

Sebenza Kirillov - ngomunye wabokuqala ezweni izincazelo tetfu tetemnotfo ezindawo enikeziwe systemically. Umlando okwalandela ukuthuthukisa izibalo ezihlobene igama usosayensi njengoba Tatishchev, owanikela ngomnikelo omkhulu kule nkundla yolwazi. Wakha Uhlelo enemininingwane elikuvumela ukuba uthole ulwazi lokuthi kwakudingekile tekuhlelwa kwemisebenti isimo lwesifundo ngencazelo egcwele wezwe kwezomnotho.

Umnikelo Inyuvesi ekhatsi Izibalo

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa izibalo ezweni lethu kakhulu ezihlobene negama usosayensi omkhulu Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova. Ngo 1755 wabhala incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "Igama wokudumisa kuKesari, uPeter Omkhulu." It uhlolwa lwenteke nje kokuba audit kaPetru. Mikhail wathinta emibhalweni yakhe ngezinto eziningana eziye zihlotshaniswa ezezimali, labantu, inqwaba yezinto zemvelo, kanye nabanye.

Ukuthuthukiswa indlela sokulungiselela kanye inhlolovo idatha echaza sabantu, geography umnotho umbuso ukuhweba, ezolimo, ezokuthutha, umkhakha nabanye. Kubhekwe ekhethekile sokunconywa University. Lolu hlelo yasungulwa V lokuqala N. Tatischev. It lwenzelwe "Atlas Russian". Ngokusho lolu hlelo, izifunda, namadolobha bathunyelwa imikhakha ekhethekile luhlolo. Kwaphela isikhathi eside izinto kufika esikoleni. Bayakwazi ukucubungula ngemva kokufa Mikhail Vasilyevich.

Ukuthuthukiswa izibalo eRussia ngekhulu le-19

Umlando izibalo nesayensi ezweni lethu kwaphawulwa eziningana impumelelo ekhulwini le-19. Inani imisebenzi emikhulu ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela lo mkhakha ulwazi, uvele ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka. K. F. German encwadini yakhe esihloko sithi "Universal Theory ka Izibalo" eshiwo iziqondiso eziyisisekelo, okuyinto lwaleli isayensi. A indima enkulu emlandweni ukuthuthukiswa kufanele sibe nesithakazelo nolwazi umkhakha kungokwalabo imisebenzi K. I. Arseneva (iminyaka yokuphila - 1789-1856). Lesi sazi babekholelwa ukuthi isayensi yezibalo kungaba ngokwanele ukuchaza isimo esimweni.

Usosayensi D. P. Zhuravskomu, owaphila sikhathi kusuka 1810 kuya 1856, impumelelo ezibalulekile - isitatimende izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo izibalo kohlelo. Wavula isimiso ukuthi qualitative ukuhlaziywa ambalwa kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo eyodwa.

Sici isici abamele esikoleni academic isayensi oyithandayo nathi nje kwakuyisifiso sabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isifundo wombuso esikhundleni isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi. Ukuze abasunguli balo zihlanganisa E. Yu Janson (1835-93), AI Chuprov (iminyaka yokuphila - 1842-1908), NA Kablukov AA Kaufman. Ososayensi abasebenza emkhakheni izibalo zezemfundo, baye benza okuningi sokuthuthukiswa isayensi kufanele sibe nesithakazelo eRussia. imisebenzi yabo kwaba nethonya elihle ku-umsebenzi ejensi ahlukahlukene kwezibalo. On ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi zezibalo ezweni lethu, nomthelela omkhulu wenza imisebenzi ka enjalo zezibalo Russian njengoba PP Chebyshev, A. A. Markov futhi A. M. Lyapunov.

izinselele zamanje nezesikhathi iziphathimandla kwezibalo kuleli zwe

Ngo imisebenzi V I. Hotimskogo, V. N. Starovskogo, V. S. Nemchinova, B. S. Yastremskogo, A. Ya. Boyarskogo, LV Nekrasha nezinye izibalo yomlando ngokufingqiwe kafushane. Babuthela isipiliyoni ososayensi Russian kulo mkhakha. Namuhla ezweni lethu sisebenzela ukuthuthukisa uhlelo, kanye nokudluliswa nendlela ye izimiso ezimali eyamukelwa umkhuba ngamazwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo imithetho emakethe umnotho.

State Izibalo iKomidi Russia namuhla umzimba lemcoka izibalo esimweni uhlelo ezweni lethu. Kuyinto umzimba federal kwamandla esiphezulu. izibalo esimweni uhlelo ezweni lethu amelela nezinye izinhlangano. Lena kwezinengi zezitho zakhe ezingama-republic, izindawo, izifunda ezizimele kanye izifundazwe, izifunda, namadolobha, kanye zifuna ukwandisa amanxusa azo okhonzile.

Okuqukethwe samanje "Izibalo" imiqondo

I ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi, ukunwetshwa kwendawo isicelo salo esisebenzayo kuye kwaholela yokuthi okuqukethwe imiqondo yalo zishintshile. Namuhla, igama elithi "izibalo" isetshenziswa amagugu ezintathu ezilandelayo.

1. Libhekisela embonini umkhuba yizenzo zabantu, okuyinto has inhloso wokubutha nokuqoqela ukusebenza kwedatha mass ku ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila emphakathini, kanye nokuhlaziywa yabo okwalandela nokushicilelwa. "Izibalo" kulo mqondo kuyinto yinye imishwana enjengethi, "amarekhodi kwezibalo."
2. Inani elilandelayo - impahla digital ukuthi isetshenziswa elichaza umuntu noma kwenye indawo imihlola nomphakathi noma isicelo somsebenzi lapho becabangela ukusatshalaliswa ezinye izinkomba ngokuya endaweni.
3. Izibalo nazo kuthiwa njengoba igatsha ulwazi, isiyalo ahlukene yesayensi, kanye isihloko zezemfundo, lokuyintfo lefundziswa ezikhungweni secondary futhi ephakeme zemfundo.

Ngakho, siyobe ukuchaza kafushane ulwazi umkhakha ezifana izibalo. Umlando ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa liye okwethulwa kulesi sihloko. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi lokhu isayensi sisuke sisakhula. Umlando kwezibalo, efingqiwe sihloko, lizotholakala eyayihambisana ezintsha.