Izikhombisi-main njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi kwekhulu le-19 futhi ukuvela ezinhle

Uma sicabangela izinkomba main wefilosofi yesimanje, ngokuqinisekile yezindawo esiphawuleka kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi zefilosofi kunesithembiso ezintweni ezinhle. Ngaphambi kokuvala ukuhlaziywa eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu zefilosofi, kufanele bakhombise umsuka okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo lo mkhuba, okuyinto wadlala futhi idlala indima enkulu ekuqondeni izwe.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuba ifilosofi ngempela kwandile irrationalist, okuyinto ichazwa ngokuthi isici esivelele inqubo yokufunda engakunakile, izinkanuko, engenangqondo. Basic izinsiza engqondweni yethu irrationalism limenyezelwe nemyslitelnye izici - kuthanda, umuzwa, umuzwa. Not okungenani ngo uhlu imithombo irrationalists engqondweni yethu kuhoxiswe equlekile, okukhanyisa ezingaqondakali, okuyinto Schopenhauer - omunye abameleli evelele kunazo zonke kulesi siqondiso - limenyezelwe ngokujwayelekile komthombo wolwazi.

ukuqhubeka nefilosofi, kakhulukazi ngesayensi yemvelo uye wasibonisa ukulinganiselwa indlela engenangqondo, ukungakwazi kwakhe ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni isikhathi esanele emhlabeni yesayensi. Asikwazanga unqobe lenkinga ulwazi lwendabuko kanye izitayela main ifilosofi, okuyinto akhiwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye nge irrationalism. Philosophy wokuphila, njengoba imfundiso zefilosofi, kwaba into enhle ngokuya ngokucabangela abantu umphakathi lilonke kanye namandla okubakhona. Kodwa futhi ingena phakathi engenangqondo uma kuziwa ekutholeni yezimbangela okuyinto sishukunyiswe indoda esenzweni. Abameleli beNdikimba ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphila - ukusakaza kunezinxushunxushu ongenawo bakwazi inhloso, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze ukhulume nganobe ngusiphi imithetho cognition, njengengxenye ukuphila ngokwakho, akunandaba mqondo.

Hermeneutics negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni indlela yesayensi, ikakhulukazi eziphathelene izindlela ekufundzeni ematheksthi nokuchazwa kwayo. Kodwa lapha, sathola ithonya engenangqondo - yiluphi ulwazi olubalulekile uvezwa njengoMahluleli indlela yokwazi ukuba khona Iwawo-notolika. Ngelilodwa nje, umhumushi ubachazela umlando kanye ngokoqobo ngesisekelo yokuqonda kwabo bebodwa.

amafilosofi eziyisisekelo okunjalo ukuqeda 19 - ukuqala 20 existentialism leminyaka luhlangotsi, psychoanalysis sphere engqondweni yethu kuphela evenini ekubeni ngaphandle ntu ngabanye, ngokuhamba okuyinto linganquma uqobo, noma enye indlela enjalo.

A impumelelo enkulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga kokuntengantenga zefilosofi kuyinto ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa izimiso ezinhle. Isikhundla kokuqala ekusebenziseni isitatimende mayelana besimo sithembele imigomo ejwayelekile ngokwesayensi ulwazi, njengoba kusikisela ngaphambili iziqondiso main wefilosofi. Ezintweni ezinhle ugomela iqiniso - njengoba komthombo weqiniso yolwazi, kuyilapho ecacisa izimo ukuthi leli qiniso kufanele ngokuphelele usule imithwalo kulinganiselwa futhi kuqinisekiswa izindlela zokuhlola (indlela yokuqinisekisa).

Umuntu owasungula le Amathrendi positivist ifilosofi kuthathwa njengesibikezelo esiyiso wesichazamazwi French Ogyust Kont, ongenile wonke umlando wokucabanga yesayensi njengoba umsunguli wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu njengoba isayensi ngomqondo zakudala yamanani. Engakabi yayo, ezintweni ezinhle usephendukele yaba nezigaba ezine enkulu ekuthuthukiseni. Lena - esinye sezici oluhlukanisa ezinhle, uma ezinye izinkomba main wefilosofi yesimanje noma wahluleka basinde enethwa ukusolwa, futhi, eqinisweni, yaphenduka ithiyori ngayinye yabonakala ingelona iqiniso, ezintweni ezinhle ezitholakala imithombo futhi amasu amasha methodological bathethelele izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho version zakudala ezinhle ekuseni ziye wangabaza ngokuqondene ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ngesayensi yemvelo, base kuhle ngokushesha uchazwe kabusha ngokuhlolisisa ngu Mach futhi Avenarius. Machism kwaba ifomu lesibili komlando ezinhle, okuyinto kwasekuqaleni kukhona nakho ezibucayi. Yingakho lo mkhuba has elinye igama - Empiric. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona kakade wakha ifilosofi positivist njengoba neo futhi postpositivism, abameleli abavelele balo okwakukhona Carnap, B. Russell, Popper, uye wazakhela cwaningo methodological inqubo okoqobo yobuchopho.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-neo babekholelwa ukuthi ifilosofi eziyisisekelo isiqondiso ukuthi ngokuyinhloko okunengqondo ukuhlaziywa indlela isayensi okuyinto iyindlela eyinhloko ukuthola ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa. Postpositivists washo nokungaphezu kwalokho, isihloko isithakazelo yawo kwakuyilawa izimpikiswano ukuvela ulwazi theory, inkinga ukuvumelana yezesayensi nolwazi kusengaphambili. Postpositivism abaqotho xaxa ifilosofi kanye yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni cognition.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu impumelelo postpositivism - ukulungisiswa bikho conditioning saziso ukuhlola ukuthembeka kungenzeka namaqiniso angokwesayensi. Ngakho kusukela kulesi siphetho esibaluleke mayelana nemvelo ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yesimanje - kuba ukuthuthukiswa ube nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi, kodwa isiqondiso jikelele iqondiswa kubhekwe ekuphuculeni ulwazi lwesayensi.