India: Ulimi olusemthethweni. Hindi, IsiNgisi, Bengali nezinye

India - ezweni ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi eyingqayizivele ngokoMthetho yangaphakathi isakhiwo nokuphatha izimiso. uhlobo lwaso uhulumeni - federal, kanye iyunithi ngobukhulu nezokuphatha izenzo isimo kuleliya lizwe. Kuwo wonke umbuso ukukhuluma kwabo livikeleke ngokusemthethweni kweMtsetfosisekelo ulimi kanye nezilimi zezigodi etholakala kulo. ENdiya, okudlula kuso siwulimi olusemthethweni, ngaphezu Hindi nesiNgisi namanje zibamba bonke 29 lithi (singabali bonke abayisikhombisa Union Territories), futhi imingcele ephakathi kwabo ezimisweni kazwelonke namalimi wemiphakathi. Kule ndaba, ziyashiyana ngobukhulu, labantu abaphilayo amazinga, netinsita letikhona.

Ukuhlobana cwaningo mayelana nodaba ulimi

Kuleli phephandaba, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele zikhokhelwe Izilimi ezazikhulunywa e-India, ngoba manje kuba kusengozini uma sicabangela izinqubo waphawula ukusula ukuhluka kwamasiko kanye nezinye, Amathrendi maqondana Westernization. Kulesi simo, ngalesi simo kuyoba nzima ukugcina ubuntu babo futhi athuthukise ngamunye ngezilimi ezingaphezu kuka amabili zezigodi abangaphezu kwamakhulu nanhlanu, zishicilelwe.

Yiqiniso, phezu iningi labo uphanyeka usongo lokuqothulwa kwemvelo, njengoba India - lizwe elinabantu abaningi sesibili, futhi ngalezi zilimi zayo olusemthethweni, inama eziningana izikhulumi yayo (-1.5 million kuze kube 423 million - Hindi). Inkinga iba nokugcina ukuhlanzeka ulimi (ukugwema nemalimboleko futhi simplifications) kwase kufanele asebenzise kubo, ngoba ngowokuqala emhlabeni wanamuhla kuqhame isiNgisi, iSpanishi nokunye. D. Bona ephethwe cishe ingxenye yabantu emhlabeni.

Incazelo yomlando izici yezwe

Eqinisweni, India ngokomlando athuthukile hhayi njengoba umbuso owodwa, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Izwe iyikhaya bezizwe eziningi, inkolo yabo futhi okuqondene amaqembu ahlukene namalimi wemiphakathi. Zonke lezi zabantu emakhulwini eminyaka ahlukene ngizile, sahlala endawo yamaNdiya. Phakathi kwabo uwuhlobo oluhlukile nokuxhumana: eyodwa encane uthi omakhelwane united ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa yayo, abanye baye bazama ukusakaza ukholo lwabo siqu noma ukwakha exchange kwezomnotho. Nokho, hhayi isizwe esisodwa - the "amaNdiya", futhi izwe eqinile ne esitebeleni ukuxhumana yangaphakathi kanye inkambo evamile engokwezombangazwe akusebenzanga ke isikhathi eside.

Mhlawumbe emhlabeni basola nokungaqondi esijule kakhulu yokubukwa nomunye futhi bangabethembi mutual, plus isici passivity amaNdiya zokungazimiseli ngenkuthalo ukulwa noma yini. Phela, manje eNdiya ninamandla separatist ukunyakaza nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe. Akukona ukuhlukanisa izwe, mhlawumbe uwububi nje kuphela ngoba British bakwazi ikoloni ke isikhathi eside ukugcina ukulawula uthi wakha isisekelo salo izikhungo ucishe ngempumelelo zokubusa, lapho iziphathimandla Indian manje.

imindeni Ulimi eNdiya

Izwe ime phandle zonke ezine eqoshiwe ngokusemthethweni amaqembu ezilimi. It kuvela ukuthi:

1. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ne emaphakathi ubuswa umndeni Indo-Aryan.
2. Ningizimu India - Dravidian.
3. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yisici ukusakaza izilimi Sino-Tibetan.
4. Ngaphandle abathwali kungenziwa sikude futhi izilimi iqembu zase-Australia noma avstraziyskoy (Santals izizwe).

Isikhulu izilimi uthi Indian, inani zenethiwekhi

UMthethosisekelo uthi izilimi ezisemthethweni 22. Ngezansi uhlu izilimi India (ngokuma okungahleliwe), ngazo States afeze zokuxhumana eziyisisekelo. Izibalo lezi zinkulumo zisuselwa yokubala abantu 2002.

• Hindi - 422 million.
• Urdu - 51, 6 million (inothi, ulimi nesimo Pakistan).
• Ulimi Bengali noma Bengali - 83,4 million.
• Tamil - 61,2 million.
• Telugu - kwezigidi ezingu-75.
• Marathi (ulimi uthi iningi athuthukile kwezomnotho - Maharashtra) - 81,3 million.
• Gujarati - 47 million.
• Kannada - 38,7 million.
• Punjabi - 30 million.
• Kashmiri - 5.9 million.
• -Oriya - 34 million.
• Malayalam - 34, 1 Mill.
• Zulu Assamese - 13.9 million.
• Maithili - 13, 1 million.
• Santalsky - 7.2 Mill.
• Nepali - 2.9 million.
• Sindhi - 2.7 million.
• Dogra - 2.4 Mill.
• Manipuri - 1.5 Mill.
• Konkani - 2.5 Mill.
• Bodo - 1.4 million.
• Isi-Sanskrit - ulimi efile.

India: Ulimi olusemthethweni - Hindi

Uma esinembile ukucabangela isimo ngokolimi, esesikhundleni India, ulimi olusemthethweni yena akayedwa - kunezinhlobo ezimbili. Kodwa abasekeli okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu Hindi ulimi, ngasendleleni, ithi uhulumeni. He is uyazikhulumela, ngakho kanye Urdu, Bengali, isiPunjabi, njll, lisuselwa olimini Indo-Aryan lasendulo - ..-Sanskrit. Ukhuluma kubo abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu 422-423, okwenza Hindi ulimi yesibili evamile emhlabeni.

Simo nendzima English

Yezimo abhekene kuphakama umbuzo: kungani eNdiya ulimi isimo - English, lapho ubuhlobo? Ukusiza ulwazi kusuka emlandweni wezwe. It kuvela ukuthi ngisho ngekhulu le-17 eNgilandi abantu elisungulwe wakhe-East India Company kwaholela yayo inzuzo ukuhweba neNdiya. Njengoba isiphelile imithombo odlule of kokucetshiswa, i-British iminyaka eyikhulu (ngonyaka 1850) anqoba lonke izwe, futhi India waba koloni Enkulu YaseBrithani. Kube Kwamiswa oda wakhe, kuziphathimandla, okunguye yedwa IsiZulu ezohwebo, futhi abantu balapha eyingoduso ekukhiqizeni, ukuthengisela of izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla.

Phakathi isikhathi esichithwa ezingaphakathi eMbusweni British, ngenkathi ngo-1947 akuzange wamemezela ukuzimela kwayo, labantu baseNdiya ziye zadonselwa ubudlelwane isicebi, i-British wafunda imodeli yayo ukuphathwa futhi bamukela ulimi abanqobi nezindlela yabo yokucabanga. Ngakho-ke, India, ulimi olusemthethweni futhi hindi, english aqaphele alingane lakhe ukubaluleka.

Lesi sakamuva bavame ukusebenzisa uma uxhumana nabantu bakwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, wayekwenza ngenkuthalo emkhakheni wezokuvakasha, ngoba lenqwaba izivakashi njalo ngonyaka uya eholidini kwi-Indian Ocean. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-English konke emihlanganweni ibhizinisi osomabhizinisi nabezombusazwe eNdiya nabalingani kanye nozakwabo kusuka phesheya. Izwe ngemva ukuzimela, akalilahlile a ubuhlobo obuseduze futhi imali eningi neBrithani, eyilungu lamazwe WeBrithani.

isiphetho

Ngakho, e-India-ke eba kunalokho nzima Izilimi ezazikhulunywa. Phela uma ngamunye uthi kuleli zwe kwenza ukukhulumisana ikakhulu ngolimi lwaso olusemthethweni, kunzima ngempela ukuthuthukisa ukwakha inqubomgomo yasekhaya evamile e isimo. kungase kube khona ukungaqondi kahle, izinkinga ababa nazo umbiko olunembile ulwazi, okumele nokungethenjwa uhulumeni azalelwe amandla noma ukunyakaza kazwelonke. Noma kunjalo, kukhona okuhle kulesi simo. Ukuba khona ibanga elikhulu kangaka izilimi eNdiya inikeza ukuthi ngamunye wabo ehlangene izici ezithile zesiko, amagugu esizwe uyisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, India namuhla izwe nge ifa ocebile zamasiko esivusa isithakazelo umphakathi wezwe lonke. Ngakho, isiko lamaNdiya usezuze maqondana nokubonwa kungxenye yakhe, futhi kungakho isiqinisekiso ukuchuma esikhathini esizayo.