Yiziphi iziphawulo izingathekiso, sifaniso, kumuntfutisa?

Ukuze ubhale umbhalo noma alenze ekhanyayo, esimnandi bayaxoxa, ababhali sebenzisa amasu kwezobuciko elibizwa ngokuthi izindlela yendabuko futhi izifenqo. Lezi zihlanganisa: isingathekiso, epithet, kumuntfutisa, ihaba, ukuqhathanisa, kuwumfuziselo, periphrasis, nezinye izifenqo lapho igama noma isisho lisetshenziswe ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ukwenza konke lokhu ngaphezulu ekhululekile.

Okulandelayo sizofunda indlela ukuhlukanisa emizileni ehlukahlukene izindlela ukusetshenziswa yabo.

Yiziphi tiphawulo nezingathekiso

The njalo kunazo nazo etemibhalo ulimi esebenzisa inkulumo ayiziphawulo nezingathekiso.

Igama elithi "epithet" ngesiGreki kusethelwe ku- "isicelo". Okungukuthi, egameni sesivele incazelo okushiwo - kwencazelo okuyinto ngokucace ephawula into noma mkhuba. Isici okuyinto wazwakalisa epithet, ukuze ujoyine into echazwe, iphelelise ngokomzwelo yayo ngisho wokufihla.

Ngo yezilimi Leksikhografu kusekhona nakancane umbono ongokoqobo olwamukelwa uchaza kahle ukuthi epithets nezingathekiso. Ngokuvamile ukhulume ezintathu izinhlobo tiphawulo:

• Ulimi ezivamile - yibo abe namandla, ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa etemibhalo zokuxhumana inkulumo (esiliva namazolo, namakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha, njll ...);
• Folk izinkondlo - esetshenziswa abantu imisebenzi (lupus intombi inkulumo emnandi nabo okuhle, njll ...);
• umbhali ngabanye - owenziwa abalobi imisebenzi ebhaliwe (futlyarnoy yezakhi (A. P. chehov), amehlo okulumayo (Gorky)).

Sifanisongco, ngokungafani kuya epithets - yigama nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ukubonakaliswa esetshenziswa ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Izingathekiso akhethiwe ngesisekelo ukufana noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-contrast kwanoma iyiphi izenzakalo noma izinto.

Kanjani futhi lapho sifaniso sisetshenziswe

Okuningi, lokho iziphawulo izingathekiso, iziphi ukungezwani kwawo, kungaqondakala ukuqonda ukuthi le mfuneko eziyisisekelo ukusetshenziswa wesibili okwakhe zabo, nekhono elingavamile lokuthola ukuthi kubangele izinhlangano ngokomzwelo futhi usize ukwethula ezinye umcimbi noma mkhuba.

Nasi isibonelo incazelo ehilela isibhakabhaka ebusuku endabeni "Three" Gorky: "i-Milky Way esiliva indwangu welulele esibhakabhakeni kusukela komunye umkhawulo kuya komunye - ukubheka kuye unyakazisa amagatsha kwesihlahla uyabukeka futhi kudabukisa."

Usebenzisa isifanekiso, walahlekelwa ekusetshenzisweni njalo okwakhe yayo nangokomzwelo ukugcwaliswa izingathekiso kunganciphisa izinga umsebenzi noma inkulumo azishilo.

Ayikho ngaphansi yingozi futhi kungenza be nhlakanhlaka ngokuchichima nezingathekiso. Singabantu ezimweni ezinjalo babe ngokungadingekile ehlotshisiwe futhi ezihlotshisiwe, kungani zingephulwa kanye nombono yayo.

Indlela ukuhlukanisa phakathi isingathekiso futhi isiphawulo

Esikhathini kwemisebenzi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ngempela ukuhlukanisa kahle hle ukuthi yiziphi emizileni ukusetshenziswa kumbhali. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga isikhathi esithe xaxa siqonde ukufana, lokho tiphawulo nezingathekiso.

Isingathekiso yindlela enhle, ogxile isifaniso, ukudluliswa amagugu esithombeni, wafana, "Ekuseni ukuhleka amafasitela. Amehlo akhe - agates amnyama ".

epithet Same - ingenye izingathekiso izimo, kuba lula ukusho - definition ubuciko ( "Warm ubisi kuhlwa ezineqhwa izinkanyezi abandayo").

Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, isivele kungenzeka ukuze aqonde ukuthi yini sifanisongco, epithet, kumuntfutisa uyobafuna isibonelo esilandelayo: "Kuye ngimbone njengoba inaliti eside yacabanga nge bejabule esiluhlaza, kusukela okusezingeni eliphezulu amafu hazy, lehla ..." (Ivan Bunin, "The Little romance ").

Kusobala ukuthi kukhona ziye zasetshenziswa nezingathekiso (amathonsi landizela izinaliti eside), kanye tiphawulo (kusuka amafu Smoky) kanye samuntu (kumnandi esiluhlaza).

Kumuntfutisa - isingathekiso, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile allegory

Ngakho-ke yini isingathekiso, epithet, owumthombo? Lokhu, njengoba wazi, izindlela zokuxhumana sengqondo maqondana lo mkhuba noma into, uhlobo imibala ehlukile, okuvumela ukuba enze esibhaliwe noma esikhishwa ngomlomo acacile nangenakulibaleka.

Futhi kulolu chungechunge bungabonakala samuntu - emizileni ekhethekile, kokuba inomlando omude eyaqala Folk art. Ukuzenza ongeyena - kuyafana ukuthi we kungukufanekisa, ukudluliswa kwe-izakhiwo yezidalwa phezu imihlola noma izinto eziphilayo.

On ukusetshenziswa ongeyena, futhi wakha elinye esiseduzane temdzabu izinhlobo - kuyinganekwane.

Ngokungafani tropes ezifana isingathekiso, epithet, sifaniso, kumuntfutisa - liphinde reception ukonga kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa ke, akudingeki incazelo eningilizayo mayelana nale ndaba, kwanele ukuqhathanisa ngento kakade aziwayo ukuthi abangela inhlangano ezidingekayo: "Yeka indlela esidabukisayo embozwe utshani agugile esiswini phansi ingrown hatenki yasemakhaya abangenamihlaba abampofu, abalimi abangenamihlaba" (JS Sokolov-Mikita, "Ukukhuluphala").

Lokho ukuqhathanisa okunjalo

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukucabanga umsebenzi elingenalo ukuqhathanisa, ekuqhathaniseni okuthile ngento, izifaniso omunye umcimbi komunye, ukunika amandla esinembile, sichazwe ngokucacile kubo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze adlulisele isimo sakhe sengqondo maqondana nabo.

Classics kwezincwadi Russian ngobuciko kahle ubuciko ukusetshenziswa epithets, izingathekiso, izifaniso: "Ngo-blue, oluneziqhingi izinkanyezi zezulu ezikhanyayo nengubo emnyama amahlamvu amaphethini zazifana izandla yomunye eyeluliweyo ukuze esibhakabhakeni ngomzamo safinyelela yayo" (Maxim Gorky, "Three" ).

Ezimweni ezinzima ekunqumeni ukuqhathanisa

Ngezinye izikhathi ezichazwe ngenhla indlela ekhululekile - sifaniso - kunzima ngempela ukuhlukanisa phakathi izimo lapho umusho nje usebenzisa izwi ne izinyunyana "kanjani", "lokho uma 'futhi" uma ", kodwa nezinye izinjongo.

Kwaphinda - the epithets, tifanisongco, ukuqhathanisa ziyindlela ezisiza yokucebisa, "upende", wathi. Ngakho, emshweni "Sibone Wahamba kanjani kancane kancane yasehlathini," kunenye lokhu akunakuqhathaniswa, kukhona union, yokuxhuma izingxenye komusho eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isiphakamiso "Sasihamba ku ephasishi lapho kwakumnyama futhi abandayo njengoba sela" (Bunin) nokumadanisa okubeka obala (njengoba abandayo njengoba sela).

Izindlela ze-nokumadanisa Inkulumo

Futhi ukuthi uchungechunge sifanisongco, epithet, sifaniso, kumuntfutisa ekugcineni bakwazi ukubhekana zonke umzila, ungajahi kancane okwengeziwe sifaniso.

It is oluboniswa ngezindlela eziningi:

• .. Ukusebenzisa linemibhikisho ngamazwi athi "kanjani", "ngokunembile," "njengo-," njll ( "Izinwele zakhe curled njengoba izimpondo uphizi");
• ngokuqhathanisa degree isiphawulo noma isandiso ( "ulimi insingo libukhali");
• Ibizo ablative ( "e enhliziyweni ecula wahlabelela uthando");
• futhi lexically (isebenzisa amazwi athi "like", "ngendlela efanayo" nokunye. d.).

Liyini ihaba

Kusukela ukusetshenziswa tropes ezifana isingathekiso, epithet, sifaniso, ihaba kuyinto of ukujula ethile, iphuzu nehaba. abalobi abaningi kalula zisebenzisa le ndlela: "Wayekhuthele ngempela impassive, abanye itshe, ibuthuntu ubuso."

Ukuze amasu ephambene akunakubangelwa imidondoshiya fabulous, futhi Thumbelina, futhi The Boy nge isithupha, ophilayo inganekwane. Futhi kule epics ihaba - Imfanelo esisemqoka: Silushka namaqhawe babe njalo eqolo, kanti isitha - inombolo esibabayo ngaphandle.

Ngisho enkulumweni yansuku zonke zingatholakala ihaba: "Asibonanga nomunye iminyaka eyinkulungwane" Noma "ezichithekile ulwandle izinyembezi."

Isingathekiso epithet ukuqhathanisa hyperbola futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ndawonye, kwakheka ukuqhathanisa ephambene noma ukulingisela kanye nezingathekiso ( "imvula odongeni okuqinile").

Ikhono ukusebenzisa imizila uzokwenza inkulumo yakho emise elikhanyayo

Ngesinye isikhathi ngisho V G. Belinsky wagomela ngokuthi ukukhuluma kahle futhi ukukhuluma kahle - akusiwona into efanayo. Phela, ngisho irreproachable kusukela umbono lweluhlelo, kungase kube nzima ukulandela okushoyo.

Futhi kusukela ngenhla, cishe kakade baqonde ukuthi isingathekiso, epithet, kumuntfutisa, nokuthi uyakwazi ukuyisebenzisa kulezi zindlela kubaluleke kakhulu. Uyokusiza ukuthi ukufunda efanayo ukubacabangela zabuna - njengoba kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha isicelo esezingeni zonke ukujula wesitayela we isiRashiya.

Thola bamba lemigqa Gogol sika: "... Amazwi anjalo izimbali, ezifana ithenda, namanzi futhi egqamile ...", lapho iqoqo elincane kwezobuciko kusho umlobi ephethwe ukuwudlulisela ngokucacile umbono wakhe umsindo wamazwi. Futhi khumbula, ukuthi isingathekiso, epithet ihaba - amathuluzi ottochat inkulumo yakho futhi, ngakho-ke, kudingeka ufunde ukuzisebenzisa!