Inani Labantu: izibonelo, izici, ukwanda kwabantu

Ngokuqinisekile nomqondo othile lokho labantu. Izibonelo kanye nencazelo yayo yonke saba eklasini biology. Ngo zesikole, lesi sihloko imbozwe ngokuningiliziwe. Kodwa uma ulungiselela ukuhlolwa noma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalokho labantu (izibonelo, izici, amandla), kulesi sihloko kuyoba wusizo kuwe.

ukusatshalaliswa Eziphilayo isibonelo frog

Inani labantu base-yiluphi uhlobo basakaza Ukuboshelwa esikhaleni, ngokuhambisana ngokugcwele isisho aziwayo: ezinabantu endaweni eyodwa, ezinye ezingenalutho. Lokhu kungokwemvelo. Kodwa lapho Singaqala ukucabangela kwengqikithi ethi "labantu"? Izibonelo kungase banisize nikubone ngeso lengqondo ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa ethile zezinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

frog Ezidliwayo kuvamile kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kodwa neze ubani bangacabanga ukubheka amaxoxo endaweni eyomile ehlathini noma idwala ukusakaza. Zihlala emaxhaphozini, eduze amachibi kanye nezinye izindawo ezimanzi. ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo enjalo nakuba atholakala kuwo wonke amazwe, kodwa akusho ngokuphelele ukumboza yonke iYurophu. Ngakho, amaxoxo kuthiwa Ukuboshelwa zisakazwe, amaqembu. La maqembu abantu kungenzeka ezinkulu noma ezincane, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa noma eminyaka ekhona. Komunye unyaka ikakhulukazi ezimanzi, lapho ngamunye nizinka egcwele amanzi avela amaxoxo ixhaphozi ukunweba kuqhathaniswa kude futhi bangase eziyizimbangela ngisho kwezinye isikhathi esiningi pool. Kodwa ehlobo ezomile ichibi bome, futhi bonke wabonakala lapha ekukhanyeni amaxoxo afe. Ekupheleni, futhi umlando omfushane leli qembu elincane.

Okuningi kubalulekile ukuvela isiphetho iqembu amaxoxo, njalo abahlala ixhaphozi elikhulu. Ahlabayo, bese ziyanda - kuye ngokuthi izimo zokuphila - labantu ixhaphozi amaxoxo ezinkulu kungenzeka zinamakhulu eziningi noma izinkulungwane izizukulwane. Impilo ka-iqembu elinjalo luyoqhubeka kuqhathaniswa angawodwa okuphuma kulawa amanye amaqembu, kusukela komunye marsh elikhulu edude nezimo ezifanele khona nokunwetshiwe kungenzeka elise amashumi amakhilomitha kude kuqala. Nakuba frog ekuphileni kwakhe, yebo, kuzothatha ingqikithi amashumi amakhilomitha, akekho kubo ngokwemvelo proskachet amakhilomitha ayishumi emgceni locondzile.

Lokwehlukaniswa kwezinhlobo

Yiqiniso, ixhaphozi yethu aziqabukeli ngokuphelele kwezinye. Unogolantethe undizela phezu kwakhe, othanda ukuzingela akuyona kuso, futhi ixhaphozi iseduzane, futhi nokuthi akubizi lutho ukunqoba amakhilomitha kweshumi, Ungabeka ku frog yethu echibini, eyenzelwe amaphuphu akhe. Ducks noma ezinye Waterfowl, flying lapha entwasahlobo, Ungahambisa amaqanda ambalwa komunye umzimba yamanzi, okuyinto isendleleni; uma unenhlanhla, amaqanda ingaqala kwelinye, indawo engajwayelekile. izenzakalo ezinjalo, yebo, ezingajwayelekile kakhulu, kodwa kudingeka isikhathi ukwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ungacabangi ukuthi ukuphila amaqembu angawodwa ezifana sici kuphela abakhileyo emaxhaphozini nezinye machibi. Amakoloni imvukuzane, kuyabonakala emhlabeni ngesiduli ikhula phezu ebusuku, kukhona kuphela izindawo ezifanelekayo zokudlala le ukuphila kwalesi silwane esincelisayo ezidla - emasimini, onqenqemeni ehlathini. Izimbabazane iyatholakala kuphela lapho kukhona izimo ezivuna lesi sitshalo: omnandi futhi inhlabathi ocebile nitrogen. Kulula fly kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya uvemvane, okuyinto, ngokusobala, noma ikuphi, ukuhlangabezana ngamunye ngokuqinile endaweni yayo: NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA emahlathini birch, Belyanko lapho kukhona ezinye crucifers, nokunye.

Lapha-ke sifika Ukucabangela umqondo welithi "labantu". Incazelo nezici ke aboniswa ngezansi. Siqala Yiqiniso, ne ezibaluleke kakhulu - ngokuzimisela.

Umqondo nezici sabantu

inhlanganiso labantu maphakathi yiluphi uhlobo, okuyinto siqhubeka isikhathi eside, ngokuthi sabantu. Sici Its ezibaluleke kakhulu ubunye zaso zofuzo: abantu abayingxenye iqembu elinjalo futhi siphile eduze komunye nomunye, kungaba ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kaningi ngaphezu abantu okuqondene imiphakathi ehlukene. Evolution kubalulekile, yebo, ukuthi lokhu kuyinto exchange kolwazi zofuzo: eqinisweni inzalo zuza nxenye of babe-chromosome komunye umzali nengxenye - kusuka kwenye. Ngakho-ke, lapho yokuvumelanisa eziningi izizukulwane, iqembu ngalinye elingalodwa ngabanye, kunjengokungathi uhlelo eyodwa enkulu nge ezithile izici lezinceku - Isikhwama zofuzo, noma isakhi sofuzo pool.

Ukushintsha phakathi imiphakathi engomakhelwane

Lapho abantu exchange phakathi imiphakathi angomakhelwane kubonakale ezinkulu emvelweni kuka amaphesenti ambalwa esizukulwaneni ngasinye, bese ngokushesha kakhulu amaqembu amabili babe izakhiwo jikelele ukuxuba okuphelele izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo. Uma exchange kuphela hhayi ngaphezu abantu ezimbalwa ngayinye esizukulwaneni ngasinye, izilwane zashintsha noma izitshalo ngamunye "azigcina umbala waso." Ngamanye amazwi, kuba ngesikhathi esifanayo ingxenye kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi a sebuningini imiphakathi, okuthiwa ukubukwa.

Ibanga lapho abantu ukuhambisa

Manje kuyacaca ukuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi kude kangakanani ngempela ezihambayo eziphilayo ezitholakala ngokwemvelo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kude kangakanani sebengakwazi yofuzo futhi uthumele ukuba isizukulwane esilandelayo. Ukuze uthole ukuthi akusiwona ngakho elula: kuyadingeka ukumaka, ukukhululwa kanye futhi ukubamba kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ukucacisa kude kangakanani uyahlakaza ngempela impova izitshalo ezahlukene kusakazeka imbewu. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo kodwa kwanhlanga emangalisayo.

Ibhanga ukusabalala izilwane nezitshalo ngokunganaki

Yini indawo kungathatha labantu? Izibonelo ukuthi uyakunika kuvumelana kwetinhlavu lokhu.

Kuphela amahlanu nezimbuzi zasendle engamakhulu, izinyamazane ubalekele ibanga-10 km kusuka indawo yokuhlala unomphela, futhi iningi zonke ekuphileni ligcinwe insimu ka ububanzi 3 km. North American inyamazane elimhlophe-tailed , futhi,% 5 kuphela ukunakekelwa okukhethekile impilo yabo yonke kuya ibanga-10 km emgceni locondzile, futhi iningi labantu (95% abantu) ephilayo endaweni ububanzi mayelana ikhilomitha elilodwa nesigamu. Futhi onogwaja zasendle, nonogwaja European liziphathe kakhulu njengezinyamazane. Field ondlunkulu nenqwaba akusho fly a lifetime nangale 400 m kusuka kusayithi zokumaka. A ezinkulu American amanzi igundane muskrat manje kudume amachibi efanelekayo cishe zonke Northern Eurasia, akayi ngale-1 km kusuka endaweni kophawu, iningi labo izilwane eziphilayo konke ukuphila kwakhe esikhaleni engaba 100 m.

Futhi lokho lukulesi sici, isitshalo labantu? Izibonelo ukusabalala impova show ukuthi ibanga lalo akuyona ezahlukene kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Oak impova ehlathini, isibonelo, eyalo umoya amamitha ambalwa kuphela.

Champion esiphelweni ibanga teals phakathi kwezilwane. Ilebulelwe eNgilandi amaphuphu Teal zanakekelwa ke by yokuzalanisa izinkulungwane amakhilomitha kude esidlekeni: eNhlonhlweni Kola futhi Arkhangelsk Region, Iceland futhi Belarus.

indawo labantu

Konke okungenhla izibalo, ezinye endaweni kungathatha ezinye imiphakathi zinhlobo ezahlukene, ibanga elanele amaqembu eduze babe babodvwana. imiphakathi ehlukene Roe izinyamazane bangaphila emikhulu encane sentaba buqamama of amashumi amakhilomitha, iqembu ondlunkulu kungenziwa akhiwe amakhilomitha amabili kude nomunye, kodwa imiphakathi yamazwe amadada, ngokusobala, ihlanganisa indawo cishe yonke iYurophu. By the way, ubukhulu omkhulu sabantu endaweni amadada ezinhle eside mangaza ososayensi ukuchaza yokuthi: bayehluka simo esishubile Akumangalisi ongaphakeme, futhi phakathi kwabo, ngokungafani neningi lezinye izinyoni, akuvamile ukuhlukanisa subtypes. Manje kwaba sobala ukuthi zonke amadada eyodwa uhlobo basonta eyodwa noma kakhulu imiphakathi ambalwa. Babehlale aphambana nomunye, ngakho asikho ekuqongeleleni izici ezintsha kwezinye ingxenye ububanzi ayenzeki.

imiphakathi

Ngakho, it is elinesimo ngabodwa eqinile, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele nomakhelwane bayo. Ngenxa yalokhu walondoloza futhi zigcinwe ubuqobelo be-isitokwe zofuzo ngamunye wabo.

Esinye isici esibalulekile sabantu - inombolo, okungukuthi abantu abaningana yayo ephambili. Bangaki abantu azifaka kuwo? Lo mbuzo kunzima ukuphendula ngokungananazi, kusukela zinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane nezitshalo inombolo ehlukile. Ngo izinambuzane - ezifana omiyane - kwelinye labantu ingase ihlanganise kuza izigidi zabantu ngabanye. Inani labantu base-omunye zama-ojekamanzi ku echibini ngasedolobheni Orekhovo-Zuevo eMoscow - abantu kungathi izinkulungwane 30, futhi isibalo amaqembu amaningana izibankwa e Kazakhstan kwaba abasukela emakhulwini ambalwa nje kuya ngabanye eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. Kodwa idatha efana iyivela kancane, futhi ososayensi ayikakalweseki wazi kahle ukuthi imiphakathi yamazwe ngisho kwezinhlobo ezivamile.

ukucacisa ubukhulu nkinga

Namuhla, le nkinga uyekile ingabi theory. Ukugcina noma yiluphi uhlobo kubalulekile ukwazi inani okungenani abantu, lapho uyakwazi uvikelekile khona eside. Ukwenza kube ukusula ukubaluleka le nkinga, kubalulekile ukuze ungeze ukuthi abantu abaningana njalo phezulu sabantu: izikhathi ezimbalwa, ngezinye izikhathi emakhulwini futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkulungwane zezikhathi. Inani labantu base-izilwane ezinkulu, ngokwesilinganiso, ehlanganisa abantu esingaphansi ambalwa, ngeke kube khona isikhathi eside ngokwanele. usayizi ezincane eqembu ngokushesha noma kamuva - umane ngenxa ekushintshashintsheni akunakugwenywa izinombolo, ngengozi - zingancishiswa zero.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuba khona idlanzana cishe akunakwenzeka, ososayensi abaningi bayakungabaza ukuthi umuntu angaphila kulo, efana ngikwazi ukuqala iso ngokuthi "ukutholakala" kwaleli Scottish Loch Ness ezihuquzelayo eziningana nezakudala. Zonke zingamalungu monster ezimbalwa kwase kuyisikhathi eside kusukela wanyamalala.

Evolution sabantu

Lezi imiphakathi ezingaba abafi, babeqamba angaba khona uma kusekhona ngeke zinyamalale izimo ilungelo ngabo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunoma iyiphi, ngisho izimo ezikahle kakhulu, la maqembu ngezikhathi ezithile ukuba bashintshe izinhliziyo kancane. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuvela labantu.

ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo okusha ngokwemvelo avele ngokuqhubekayo, nakuba ijubane le nqubo iphansana. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, it namanje ekushintsheni izakhi zofuzo sabantu. Yiqiniso, ukuguquka, kumbe ngisho abayishumi ngeke ukwazi ukuyishintsha. Nokho, bandisa isizukulwane ngesizukulwane, akuzange kuboniswe lokhu noma lokhuya inhlanganisela imizwelo engokwemvelo sabazali. Uma le nhlanganisela kuphumelela ke ngemva isizukulwane noma abantu ababili kuyoba kuleli qembu ziziningi, ngenxa okuyinto kakhulu ukushintsha ukwakheka kwezakhi labantu. Okukhiphayo kuguquka ethile enkundleni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwami njengeqembu, futhi wonke zilwane. It kuyisinyathelo owesincane inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa izinyathelo ezinjalo futhi ithuthukisa lonke grand inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ngakho, sixoxe kafushane ngesihloko esithi "I-Population". Incazelo, izibonelo kanye izici zalo okusesihlokweni esithi. Sithemba lolu lwazi libe lusizo kakhulu kuwe.