Imvelo Ehlukahlukene: lokho eziphilayo kukhona prokaryotes?

Yikuphi eziphilayo kukhona prokaryotes? Prokaryotes - izidalwa ezimangalisayo futhi ezihlukahlukene. Abakwazi bahlala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo ezihlala kuyo, dala futhi wamukele amandla angiqinise ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi abanye kuzo babeze kukhona eziyingozi.

Prokaryotes: ulwazi olujwayelekile

Yikuphi eziphilayo kukhona prokaryotes? Lawa eziphilayo eziningi kakhulu abahlala Umhlaba iplanethi. ngezigaba kwamanje prokaryotes esekelwe inhlanganisela izakhiwo ocwaningweni kanye phenotypic. Isibalo zinhlobo eyaziwayo prokaryotes manje idlula 6200. La magciwane ukuvela eMhlabeni ngaphambi kwanoma ubani omunye futhi uqhubeke ukhona ngokuphepha samanje.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo futhi incazelo emfushane prokaryotes

1) Prokaryotes ukuhlala nomaphi kukhona ukuphila, futhi kubonakala, ukuphila akukwazi, ngoba nokusinda kwalaba bantu eziphilayo zingaba abandayo, kushisa, esidi abezindaba ane-alikhali.

2) Prokaryotes zitholiwe ngisho ka-3 km ngezansi komhlaba ukujula.

3) Iningi prokaryotes - ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo owumphumela nge umthamo omkhulu oluhambelana.

4) Abantu abaningi kukhona ezithathekayo, cishe ingxenye yabo bonke prokaryotes uyakwazi ukuhamba iqondiswe.

5) amaseli prokaryotes silula kunaleso eukaryotic njengoba isakhiwo kwangaphakathi Iinhlangano ocwaningweni.

6) Inani labantu prokaryotes zikhule futhi sijwayele ngokushesha.

7) Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle eyodwa kuseli eyodwa ulakho ukukhipha ikoloni enkulu izingane ngesikhathi esifushane.

8) Abacwaningi njalo simisiwe amasampula amakoloni ukuze afeze ezengeziwe post-ncibilika ucwaningo futhi qhubeka nokuhlola izici lezi zidalwa nohlala njalo.

Ukudla lithathelwe

Ngo ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe lokho eziphilayo kukhona prokaryotes, ke zisendaweni ebalulekile inqubo wokulungiselela ukudla. Ngakho, izinto eziphilayo uthole amandla amaningi avela ukukhanya kukhona phototrophic, ngenxa zamakhemikhali - chemotroph. Eziphilayo kuphela carbon dioxide (CO ₂₎ njengoba umthombo carbon, kukhona Autotrophic. Izinto eziphilayo, edinga okungenani oyedwa organic izakhi umthombo (glucose), kukhona heterotrophs.

Photoautotrophs - photosynthesis eziphilayo ezisebenzisa amandla okukhanya ukuze sikhuthaze synthesis organic compounds kusuka carbon dioxide (izitshalo kanye ulwelwe). Chemotroph badinga kuphela carbon dioxide kumthombo carbon, kodwa futhi ingathola amandla yi-oxidizing izinto wezinto ezingaphili (hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), i-ammonia (NH ₃₎ nensimbi ion (Fe ^2+)). Le ndlela eyingqayizivele ukudla prokaryotes.

ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo

Ngokuphathelene imvelo prokaryotes kwendawo kungase kube onhlobonhlobo. Izici eziningi prokaryotes zihlobene yokuthi la magciwane athile ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu: usawoti okusezingeni eliphezulu, ukushisa kakhulu, izindawo entula umoya-mpilo. Prokaryotes bangaphila emzimbeni bezilwane nabantu, ekusizeni umnikazi ngokusebenzisa Symbiosis ukwenza imisebenzi yomzimba wakhe (ukugaya).

Amandla prokaryotes ikhiqizwa kwimithombo ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kungaba beyofuna amangqamuzana afile noma ukuzingela for bukhoma (kakhulu ezingavamile). Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu ukuthola izakhi ezidingekayo - ukudala amandla ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis, noma ukusetshenziswa namanye amaminerali ezifana nesibabule.

Izinhlobo kanye nesakhiwo prokaryotes

Yikuphi eziphilayo kukhona prokaryotes? Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: bacterium eziphilayo owumphumela. amaseli Prokaryotic zihlanganisa plasma ulwelwesi, cytoplasm, ribosomes kanye nesidoda okunikelwe (DNA noma RNA). Ezinye izinhlobo zawo futhi babe izakhiwo eyengeziwe - cell odongeni, flagella nabanye. Isakhiwo amaseli prokaryotic, ngamunye izakhiwo engqamuzaneni kanye nezakhi sinendima ebalulekile ekukhuleni, nokusinda ezingozini kanye ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

plasma ulwelwesi

amaseli Prokaryotic ungase ube multi-ungqimba plasma ulwelwesi. Ngo prokaryotes, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-bacterium igremu-negative, isibonelo, ngokuvamile plasma ulwelwesi ezimbili, phakathi okuyinto lo okuthiwa periplasm. Njengakuwo wonke amaseli, ulwelwesi plasma kumaseli prokaryotic unesibopho ukuphathwa nokulawulwa konke ingxenye yeseli.

Ukuxhumana kwenzeka ngendlela ulwelwesi, kuhlanganise ukuthumela nokwamukela amasignali kusuka kwamanye zamakhemikhali ekusebenzisaneni webhaktheriya nge amaseli eukaryotic, eziphilayo phakathi izinqubo ezithathelwanayo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ulwelwesi plasma kuyinto jikelele kokubili amaseli prokaryotic futhi eukaryotic.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic kumaseli prokaryotic, okusikhumbuza jelly noma ijeli, into ewuketshezi, okuyinto iyisonto zonke ezinye izingxenye yeselula. Muva nje, ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo kulo ukuthi amaseli prokaryotic kuyinto cytoskeleton eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi functional, kufana ncamashi nokwakwenzeka babe amaseli eukaryotic. Ngakho, iseli singalondoloza ezakheke ngayo.

ribosomes

ribosomes Prokaryotic mancane futhi abe ukuma kancane ezahlukene kanye nokusungulwa kunalawo atholakala amaseli eukaryotic. Ingabe ezifanayo futhi umsebenzi le ngxenye yeselula - ukwakhiwa namaprotheni izimpawu ezibatshela ukuthi uthumela DNA.

nesidoda okunikelwe

Zonke amaseli prokaryotes aqukethe semali nesidoda okunikelwe ngesimo DNA ne-RNA. Ukuze prokaryotes zihlanganisa eziphilayo kabani amaseli abe nuclei, elilodwa elikhulu eliyindilinga DNA ingxenye equkethe iningi izakhi zofuzo adingekayo ukuze ikhule, ukusinda nokuqakatheka kwaso kabusha amaseli. DNA kulezi cells uvezwa ukulandelana okungahleliwe.

Ngokuvamile, i-DNA eqhubeka kuyo ingqamuzana ukuze ukukhishwa futhi iguqulwe ibe RNA. Microscope ungabona usigcine egunjini Ikakhulu, izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo (DNA). Ngaphezu ingxenye eyodwa enkulu DNA chromosomal amaseli amaningi prokaryotic aqukethe izingcezu ezincane DNA ngokuthi plasmids. Lezi DNA izindandatho isiyingi kuthiwa ikopishwe kungakhathaliseki-chromosomes futhi angadluliselwa kuseli prokaryotic kwenye.

Ngenxa izici zayo of prokaryotes angaphila ngokuphepha kunoma iyiphi indawo, zingabantu yonke indawo - imvelo evamile futhi usawoti amachibi, iziphethu ezishisayo, izintaba-mlilo asemigodini ku ekujuleni ezibilinini Zomhlaba. Ngakho, prokaryotes kukhona eziphilayo eziphikelelayo kakhulu futhi iphila emhlabeni.