"Imiphefumulo Dead": okushiwo igama. Inkondlo Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya

Lenza ku ukuphrinta khona umqulu wokuqala we "Imiphefumulo Dead" Gogol sika ngoMeyi 1842. Umsebenzi wayezelwe ngumlobi ngesikhathi imisebenzi yakhe "Umhloli". Ngo "Imiphefumulo Dead" Gogol libhekisela esiyinhloko umsebenzi wakhe: amakilasi ebusayo umphakathi waseRussia. Umlobi ngokwakhe wathi: "Abaningi kakhulu nokudalwa yami, hhayi maduze ukuphela kwayo." Ngempela, "Imiphefumulo Dead" - into emangalisayo emlandweni ukubhinqa Russian futhi izwe.

"Dead Imiphefumulo" - a ukubhinqa ku serfdom

"Imiphefumulo Dead" - umsebenzi wokuhlekwa okwangempela ezibucayi. Lena owalandela temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Gogol Pushkin sika. Ukhuluma ngalo emakhasini le nkondlo ku akanhlanhlatsi mayelana ezimbili izinhlobo abalobi (VII isahluko). Lokhu kuvula isici okwangempela Gogol sika: ikhono adalule futhi ukukhombisa eduze wonke amaphutha zokuthambekela kobuntu, okuyinto azicaci njalo. Ngo "Imiphefumulo Dead" kubonakala izimiso eziyisisekelo okwangempela:

1. Historicism. Ucezu kulotshiwe mayelana wesimanje umbhali isikhathi - umugqa iminyaka 20-30 of XIX leminyaka - ke serfdom uhlangabezane nesimo esibucayi sina.
2. uhlamvu ejwayelekile futhi izimo. Abanikazi bezindawo kanye nosaziwayo ukuboniswa satirically ngokugxila eqinile ezibucayi, ubonisa izinhlobo ezinkulu kwezenhlalo. It unaka ngokukhethekile ukuba imininingwane Gogol.
3. ukuthayipha satirical. Kwenzeka igunya sici izinhlamvu izimo yamahlaya, esiphatha izinhlamvu esidlule ihaba, ukusebenzisa inkulumo linemibhikisho ngokuqhathanisa netaga.

igama ebalulekile: engokoqobo ehilela

Gogol wayehlela ukubhala umsebenzi imiqulu emithathu. Njengoba isizathu wathatha "Divine Comedy" Dante Aligeri. Ngokufanayo, "Imiphefumulo Dead" kwakufanele libe izingxenye ezintathu. Ngisho isihloko senkondlo libhekisela umfundi nezimiso zobuKristu.

Kungani "Imiphefumulo Dead"? Igama ngokwalo - i oxymoron, uqhathanisa wafana. Soul - kuyinto into okungokukaNkulunkulu wabafileyo kodwa abafileyo. Ukusebenzisa ithekhniki le, Gogol lisinika ithemba konke elahlekile, ukuthi isiqalo esihle ukuze nezilima imiphefumulo kulendawo futhi nosaziwayo kungenziwa kabusha. Lokhu kwakufanele kube kanye ivolumu yesibili.

Okwakushiwo igama enkondlweni "Imiphefumulo Dead" itholakala izindiza eziningana. Uma uyikha phezulu le - ngomqondo ongokoqobo, ngoba ibizwa ngokuthi imiphefumulo efile abalimi efile kumadokhumenti bureaucratic. Empeleni, lesi luwumgogodla Chichikov ukukhwabanisa: ukuthenga serfs efile uthathe isibambiso imali yabo. Ezimweni kokudayiswa abalimi futhi ibonisa nabalingiswa abasemqoka. "Imiphefumulo Dead" - ngokwaso kulendawo nezikhulu wabhekana Chichikov, ngoba akukho lutho kwesokunxele womuntu, uyaphila. Basuke ligcwele ukuhaha (izikhulu), Okuvinjiwe (Boll), unya (ikhala) kanye maholoholo (Sobakevich).

Incazelo ejulile igama

Zonke izici evulekile ezintsha njengoba ufunda le nkondlo "Imiphefumulo Dead". Okwakushiwo isihloko, ame ekujuleni umkhiqizo, lisenza sicabange ngayo yokuthi ubani, indoda elula emgwaqweni, angagcina jikisa Manilow noma Nozdryov. Enough enhliziyweni yakhe ukuba axazulule phansi abanothando oluncane. Futhi akazange phawula indlela lapho vzrastet okuphambene. Kuze kube yimanje, eSahlukweni XI Gogol ukhuthaza umfundi ukubheka ngokujulile umphefumulo kanye isheke: "Ingabe ikhona kimi ezinye ingxenye Chichikov?"

Gogol wabeka enkondlweni "Dead Imiphefumulo" umqondo amagama multidimensional, kokuvula umfundi ngokushesha, kodwa inqubo ecabanga umsebenzi.

uhlobo okwakhe

Lapho "Dead Imiphefumulo" ukuhlaziywa wenza kuphakame omunye umbuzo: "Kungani Gogol is Positioning umkhiqizo njengoba inkondlo?" Ngempela, uhlobo okwakhe sokudalwa uhlukile. Nakuba abasebenza umkhiqizo Gogol ezincwadini zakhe abangane wabelane abakutholile yokudala, ukushaya "Imiphefumulo Dead" futhi inkondlo inoveli.

On ikhasi lesihloko lohlobo lokuqala Wawuthi: "The Adventures of Chichikov, noma Dead Imiphefumulo" (ingxenye yokuqala yale ukucwaninga) - kanye isihlokwana "Inkondlo" kwaqokonyiswa okwengeziwe ezinkulu. Umlobi yena waphikelela ukuthi kwathiwa ngakho wenza "Imiphefumulo Dead". Okwakushiwo igama lomkhiqizo kuyehla kube enkondlweni Gogol kuhlelwe ukuba baqhubeke nomsebenzi, futhi imiqulu lesibili nelesithathu ukukhombisa ukuvuselelwa izinhlamvu okubi. Bese kuthi-ke "Imiphefumulo Dead" kusukela ukubhinqa yaphenduka inkondlo.

Lokhu akusho ucede izici uhlobo lomkhiqizo "Imiphefumulo Dead". Okwakushiwo isihloko inkondlo yakhe alichaza UNikolai Vasilievich kuleli bhukwana ezincwadi. Kube ubiza uhlobo senkondlo, Lesisemkhatsini phakathi olubabazekayo noveli. Ngesikhathi nendawo lolu hlobo ukuba abe iqhawe - ovamile, ngokusebenzisa ezamehlela ezibonisa ukuziphatha nkathi wesimanje. Ngo isibonelo Gogol kuholela "Don Quixote" ka Cervantes.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Imiphefumulo Dead" isici, lapho umkhiqizo ubhekwa senkondlo - the kwehliswa kwelizinga eziningi lyrical, isici chanter uhlobo.

Ngaphezu lezi zimfanelo, "Imiphefumulo Dead 'sihlobene kakhulu umkhawulo noveli picaresque, ngisho nomphakathi. Kodwa ukuze ubheke umsebenzi lolu hlobo akudingekile ngenxa yokungabi bikho zothando.

Heroes anti-Amaqhawe inkondlo

Ngo khona umqulu wokuqala we "Imiphefumulo Dead" ( "Isihogo" ngu Dante) Gogol kuhlelwe ukukhombisa okubi - izikhulu olunonya ekilasini umninindlu. It lagcwaliseka ngohlelo izithombe. Heroes-efile imiphefumulo - lezo zikhulu nabanikazi bemihlaba, okuhlangabezana Chichikov, ukwenza amaqhinga akhe ahlakaniphile.

Izithombe kwabanikazi bamazwe betfulelwa okwandisa nokonakala ngokomoya futhi turpitude zokuziphatha. Ngo incazelo ngamunye wabo Gogol igxile iqiniso lokuthi lokhu akuyona icala ekhethekile, futhi yini nohlobo lwabantu, "Manilow lingelalabo ngakho-ngakho"; Ibhokisi - "Esinye salezo matushkas"; "Abantu abafana Nozdryov, wonke umuntu kwadingeka ahlangabezane abaningana." Ezinjalo abantu ngokokuziphatha abampofu kudala indawo emphakathini. Enkondlweni, wagwetshwa bobabili abaninimhlaba nazo zonke uhlelo izinduna iyonke.

Omunye umfanekiso ongemuhle nkondlo "Imiphefumulo Dead" - nenchubokuphatsa. Idolobhana has kokubhubhisa nalezo zinxushunxushu. Bureaucracy - yindawo lapho ungenza inzuzo. Inqubo ukufunjathiswa ukuthola ukubeka ekusakazeni. Khumbula isiqephu uma Chichikov ukufunjathiswa Ivan Antonovich. Izenzo esikhundleni kwezikhulu alethwe automatism: ubona Bill - amboze ephepheni - sengathi konke kuhamba kahle yini.

izinhlamvu Negative yakha okushiwo igama enkondlweni - "Imiphefumulo Dead". Nokho, ngokuvumelana Gogol, akukhona konke okubi: ezimbili heroes anakho ithuba ngcono. Inqubo yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule motion efile elihlobene ne izigaba. Amabili izinkondlo izinhlamvu kuboniswe inqubo ukuthuthukiswa: inikezwe Biography noElija Chichikov. Lokhu Gogol Amacebo ukuthi bayakwazi ukushintsha esikhathini esizayo.

Akungabazeki iqhawe omuhle enkondlweni - is umbhali, yembulwe kwehliswa kwelizinga lyrical. Yena uyakuqonda futhi uyakuthanda Russia, abone lokho esinamandla okukwenza mkhulu kubantu Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Gogol igcizelela izimfanelo ezinhle zabantu-Russian: nolimi namanzi, ukuzikhandla, ukwethembeka, okwakhe kanye nezinguquko zamasu amasha. Kuyinto lolu shintsho kuzovumela Russia babe a fabulous inyoni-Trika.

Ngevolumu "Imiphefumulo Dead" yesibili

Ngo esimeni esibucayi ngokujulile zokudala Gogol bebhala umqulu wesibili ka "Imiphefumulo Dead" iminyaka eyishumi. Ngo ukuxhumana, wayevame ekhononda kumngane ukuthi wenziwe phakathi nesikhathi esifushane hhayi ngempela ukwanelisa kuye.

Gogol libhekisela obunobunye omuhle isithombe umninindlu Kostanzhoglo: ayeveza wemfanelo, izisebenzi ulwazi lwesayensi apharathasi Manor. Ngosizo lwawo Chichikov reconsidering nokuxhumana kwalo ngokoqobo futhi ukushintsha ube umuntu ongcono.

Ukubona enkondlweni "amanga esibalulekile", Gogol ashisiwe ivolumu "Imiphefumulo Dead" yesibili.