Abezindaba, isipho esihle kunazo zonke, sicabangisise ... Incwadi - Iyini?

Ngamunye wethu uyazi ukuthi yini incwadi. Into encane kodwa ezibizayo ukuze inhliziyo, kokuvula umhlaba omusha. uthando Special uhlangabezana Ongoti kweqiniso izincwadi, abathandi incwadi abangakwazi siphile usuku ngaphandle kokufunda. Ezweni kukhona lonke ngezigaba imisebenzi ebhaliwe. Ahluke inombolo yezici, kodwa ngokuvamile abe olulodwa umyalezo - Ulwazi umbiko ngco kulofundzako. Sizama uphendula lo mbuzo: "? Incwadi - iyini le".

ukudluliswa ulwazi

Umlando yencwadi uya kude emuva nekhulu leminyaka edlule. Kuyinto kuphela manje bakujwayele ukubona yakhe ikhava enhle nge ikhava kanzima, okuvumela ukuba ugcine izinga iminyaka ukuza nathi. Ukwenza iyingxenye ebalulekile ukudalwa incwadi njengoba umfanekiso ezibukwayo ku abathengi awunaki esingaphansi okuqukethwe.

Kodwa ebheka emuva, singasho ukuthi kokuqonda ncwadi - kuba ukudluliswa kolwazi, umyalezo ziqondiswe omunye umuntu. Yingakho - isifiso sabantu bakudala ukuze uthumele usezuze ulwazi ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo. Khona-ke kumelwe benze yayingekho indlela. Noma kunjalo, abameleli yamandulo uthole indlela yokuphuma.

Wawuthini umyalo wokuqala?

Uma siphendukela izwi-ekwakhekeni, ne Proto-Slavic ulimi "incwadi" - is eligoqiwe, amashidi staple, okwatholakala kuyo imiqulu esikhundleni. Imininingwane uhlelo ukuqopha buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile knigorazvitiya. Ukugcina ke, okhokho bethu yasungulwa izindlela yokukhuluma esisebenzayo. Eyokuqala kubo baba ezibhebheni zobumba, futhi ngemva Yiqiniso waya metal amashidi amagxolo.

Plates sesimi isitoreji medium. Clay wax, basuke ngokulinganayo kufakwe ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo ukusebenzisa lezi zinto ngaso. Ngakho, endabeni yokuqala, plate kwakudingeka bashise ukukhiya umbhalo lungekho ukushintsha. Lapho usebenzisa i-wax elilotshwe ukuthi angase acinywe. ERoma lasendulo esetshenziswa kwamapulangwe, nasezinsikeni nomunye. Ngokuthi Ikhodi akha sibonelo yesimanje yencwadi.

Kutfutfukiswa ncwadi ifomethi

Kuyaziwa ukuthi eGibhithe lasendulo wasebenzisa ngesitshalo sebungu, kubhekwa sikakhokho ajwayelekile kithi namuhla ephepheni. amashidi yakhe abazihlanganisile emiqulwini - ifomethi yokuqala yezincwadi, lelo, kanye namagxolo, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa. NgeNkathi Ephakathi Kwasakazwa izincwadi ngesandla (imibhalo yesandla). Zadalelwa workshop ekhethekile, futhi labo waba wesandla enhle, yasungulwa ngokuma umbhali. I uyinki ukuphrinta esetshenziswa nomhlanga omhlanga. Kamuva imibala, ivumela ukupenda umbhalo wesandla isetjentiswe.

Woodcuts (e notation yesimanje, lokhu kuyisibonelo ukusetshenziswa okuningana) uqala ukuvela ekhulwini XIV. Izinkuni ukuphuma matrix, okuyinto bacwilisa ku likayinki libhalwe amakhophi ambalwa. Esikhathini sethu, inqubo enjalo yenza kube lula yokwenza amakhophi.

ukubhuka indawo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo

Ukubukeka izincwadi Old Russian elihlobene ne-ukudalwa wekuba sive eRussia ngekhulu IX. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka zangaphambi kobuKristu lokubhala esase sikhona kakade. Ngalesi sikhathi zihlanganisa ukudalwa zamagama Glagolitic, okuyinto zaholela ekwakhekeni zamagama, ngokwesiko ukubizwa ngokuthi Cyrillic zamagama. Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu emakwe Ukusungula incwadi isiko. Omunye imisebenzi yakuqala etemibhalo kwaba "INtshumayelo Law noGrace," eyabhalwa Metropolitan uHilarion ekhulwini XI. Kamuva kukhona "I Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" futhi "Ukufundiswa" uVladimir Monomakh. Kulandelwe "I Lay ka Igor", "indaba ka ukubhujiswa ryazan".

Nge elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo encwadini Russian Ngekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo sithole ezibanzi ukubaluleka komphakathi. Ukukhanya ophumayo zabuna: Pushkina (kubhekwe uyise ka sikakhokho izincwadi), University, Tolstoho, Turgeneva nabanye abalobi abaningi ovelele. Igolide, isiliva Ubudala uthumele amalungelo abo engu yesimanje - lumakwe i ukwanda ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili ukushicilela kanye nomhlaba obhekwe inqwaba abalobi izinkomba ezahlukene.

Ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe izincwadi Russian of nenkathi yamaSoviet. It kwaphawulwa isikhathi esinzima ezweni. Abalobi abaningi baye baphoqeleka ukuba niye ekudingisweni, kodwa ngomqondo ovamile akuyona ngenxa yokuntuleka neyaziwayo zabuna imisebenzi. Kusasele iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu ithole indawo yayo izinkondlo, isihloko impi nokuvukela, tindzaba temlandvo letingasilo liciniso, ukubhinqa, yesayensi, isiqondiso okukhulu, isosha esihlatshelelwayo, umlingo okwangempela, ekamu, eqanjiwe nezindawo zasemaphandleni nezasemadolobheni. intuthuko ethile iye yaba engaziwa noma kancane-eyaziwa izinhlobo ngaphambili of umphenyi Thriller, romantic, post-yesimanjemanje, okwangempela, conceptualism, imifuziselo, neo-okwangempela. Akuwona wonke kumfundi wanamuhla uqonde imiqondo la, kodwa nxa kuyikuthi ikhona njengenhlangano uhlobo ezimele.

Ababhali imisebenzi

Ngokuhamba wonke umlando omude wesizwe incwadi ekufundeleni ngajwayelana eziningana ababhali. Ababhali ncwadi akuyona kuhlobene nezimfanelo zobuntu. Kunalokho, kwakumelwe basheshe "abomdabu of uquqaba", ngokuvamile ubhala ngalokho abakubona endaweni ababekuyo. Kwakukhona zabo ezazilethwa yilabo ababemelela yomphakathi imibono emisha ezingenziwanga ngokushesha yathola ukuqashelwa. Kulabo ahlobene ngokuyinhloko fantasy uhlobo nabameleli bayo bhá: Vladimir Obruchev, u-Alexander Belyayev, UGrigory Adamov, Vasily Aksenov, iKhiri Bulychev, Ivan Efremov Anatoly Dnieper. Entendeni ilungelo babe Strugatsky bazalwane, kubhekwa yakudala yase-Soviet yesayensi.

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, funda incwadi namanje efanele. Njengengxenye isimo ngesikhathi uhlelo Ka nezincwadi zokufunda izobamba uchungechunge nemisebenti lehlose okwandisa lokho okushiwo incwadi. imitapo eminingi kuleli zwe kuyoba imikhosi, ukukhuphula kanye imincintiswano. uzothola Njalo incwadi lover into entsha futhi kujabulise.

Modern ncwadi ifomethi, ngaphezu kokujwayelekile ongakhetha ncwadi zihlanganisa izincwadi ngogesi kanye alalelwayo. Eyokuqala yakhelwe zifundwe konemimoya digital. Ngokuvamile benjalo CD kanye DVD-CD-Roms, abadlali DVD, amaphilisi. Isici sesibili itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kufanele ulalele, ngoba siqukethe umsindo orekhodiwe.

ibhuku namuhla

Ngo isimo samanje incwadi uye washintsha eziningana. Ukuhlala ukubukwa ukhiye imikhiqizo ezinyathelisiwe, ihlukaniswe yaba nakomagazini, ezincwadini kanye albhamu, ajwayelekile kithi ncwadi nezakhiwo enziwe isicelo ezinoqwembe ngesandla noma ikhophi kanzima, imifanekiso ingcaca, soft futhi kanzima. Kodwa avame kwenza ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi incwadi - kuba imisebenzi yesayensi noma etemibhalo ngesimo edition lesibopho unyatheliswa.