I-Sforza Castle (i-Milan)

Edolobheni laseMilan laseMilan kukhona i-Sforza Castle, emlandweni wayo onamakhulu eminyaka uhlotshaniswa nokukhuphuka, ukubhujiswa nokubuyiselwa. Ngenxa yemizamo yabase-Italian restoreers nabakhi, nanoma ubani namuhla unethuba lokubonga imibhoshongo yasendulo namadonga ezinqaba, bahamba bezungeza le nqaba.

Konke kwaqala kanjani

Njengezinye izikhumbuzo eziningi zokwakha, uCastello Sforzesco, njengoba amaNdiya ebiza kanjalo, usemiweni yezakhiwo zasendulo. Isakhiwo sokuqala sokuzivikela sakhiwa lapha ngekhulu leshumi nesine ngumndeni wakwaVisconti, okwathi isikhathi eside wakwazi ukuthatha amandla eMilan ezandleni zabo, futhi kamuva wanciphisa iningi lamadolobha aseduze.

UJan Galeazzo I Visconti akaphelelanga nje ukukhulisa ithonya lawo emadolobheni aseningizimu e-Italy njengoSiena noPisa, kodwa futhi ukuzithengela bona kanye nezindlalifa zabo isihloko se-ducal. Inzalo yakhe ayikwazanga ukufaka amaDewch eMilan amazwe amasha. Ngenxa yempi eminingi yezempi neVenice ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XV, iMilan, umbuso womuzi, yalahlekelwa izindawo eziningi ezinqotshwe.

Ngemva kokufa ngo-1447 wommeleli wokugcina womndeni uVisconti - uDuke Filippo Maria - izakhamuzi ezivukelayo zomuzi zamemezela iRiphabhulikhi yase-Ambrosian futhi zaqothula inqaba yababusi abazondayo.

Izinyathelo zokwakha

Kodwa lapha ibhizinisi elengeziwe kule republica lahamba kabi kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yemisebenzi yempi yamaVentians yaseMilan yalahlekelwa ingxenye ebalulekile yezindawo zayo. Izakhamuzi zaleli dolobha zaqala ukufuna umholi oqinile futhi zacela umphathi wezempi uFrancesco Sforza, owayekade ekhonza eVisconti futhi wahlobene nalo mndeni. Ngo-1450, iSenate yaseMilan yamnikeza isihloko se-ducal. Ngonyaka ofanayo, uFrancesco Sforza waqala ukwakha inqaba yakhe yaseMilan, ekhulelwe njengendawo yokuhlala enhle neyakhazimulayo, kodwa futhi njengesakhiwo esinamandla sokuzivikela. Ukuze aqaphele lo mbono, abadwebi abafana no-Antonio Filarete, Bartolomeo Gadio, Marcoleone da Nogarolo, uJacopo da Cortona nabanye abaningi bamenywa. Ngaphansi kobuholi bokuqala kwabo kwakhiwa umbhoshongo ophakathi, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ezinkulu zokuzivikela kanye nemibhoshongo emine yokuzivikela eqondile kwakunguBololomeo Gadio ophethe.

Ngo-1446 uFrancesco Sforza washona, kanti indodana endala kakhulu, uGaleazzo Maria (Galeazzo Maria Sforza), waba umbusi waseMilan. Kuye, inqaba yaseSforza iyaqhubeka nokuguquka, futhi ukwakha izimboni ezintsha zebhokisi emakhakheni aseMilan namakhosi avela eFlorence. Ngemuva kokubulawa kukaGaleazzo ngo-1467, umkakhe uBona waseSavoy, ezama ukuzivikela, wakha phezulu ngalezo zikhathi umbhoshongo uBona - Torre di Bona eRochetta - ingxenye evikelekile kakhulu yenqaba.

Ubudala bezimpi zase-Italy

ULodovico Maria Sforza, owaqala ukubusa ngo-1494, uyaqhubeka ukwakha iSforza Castle eMilan futhi umema ukuba abe yizintambo ezihle kakhulu zase-Italy - uBrante, owaba umbhali wezinto eziningi zokwakha nezokuhlobisa, noLeonard da da Vinci, owasebenza ezakhiweni zokuzivikela futhi wadala uchungechunge lwamafresco.

Ngo-1500, ngesikhathi sezimpi zase-Italy phakathi kweMbuso neFrance, amabutho aseLouis XII angena eMilan futhi athatha uLudovico Sforza. Wathunyelwa eFrance, lapho afela khona.

Umonakalo omkhulu enqabeni yaseSforza wamukelwa ngo-1521, lapho umbani ushaya umbhoshongo ophakathi nendawo kaFilaret, okwakusetshenziswe ngaleso sikhathi njengendawo yokuvikela izinhlamvu.

Isikhathi saseSpain

AmaSpain, ayengabanikazi beMilan phakathi nekhulu le-XVI, avuselela kakhulu inqaba. Bakhela nxazonke izindonga ezindala zezinqaba ezintsha zanamuhla njengezinkanyezi eziyisithupha ezikhomba, indawo eyayingaba cishe amahektha angu-26. Umbusi wedolobha wathuthela eRoyal Palace, futhi ibutho lempi lisenqabeni. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwamabutho kaKing Francis I wasePavia, ngenxa yokusekelwa kukaMbusi kanye neNkosi yaseSpain uCharles V, umndeni wakwaSforza ubuyela emandleni. UMbusi waseMilan uba nguFrancesco II.

Ukubusa kwe-Austrian

Ngemva kokufa kukaFrancesco II Maria Sforza ngo-1534, umbuso wase - Austria waseHabsburg unxanxathela umbusi waseMilanese futhi ubeka umbusi ukubusa. Phakathi nokubusa kwama-Austrian, indlu yaseSforza yayisetshenziswa njengendawo yokugcina izikhali kanye nezinqaba zesosha. Ezinye zezakhiwo ensimini yazo zabuyiselwa noma zavuselelwa. Umkhondo ophawulekayo wenkathi yaseHabsburg yisithombe sikaJan Nepomuk, esasungulwa e-bridgehead.

Isikhathi samaNapoleonic

Ngemva kokuba uNapoleon Bonaparte ehlasela ngo-1796 e-Italy, u-Austria, owenza isivumelwano sokuthula eCampo Formio, kwadingeka ukuba ashiye eLombardy. U-General Bonaparte wakhetha iMilan njengomuzi wakhe ohlala kuyo iminyaka emihlanu: kusukela ngo-1796 kuya ku-1801. Naphezu kwezikhalazo zabantu basekhaya abafuna ukuba le nqabayoqedwe ngokuphelele, uNapoleon wayala ukuba enze umsebenzi wokubuyisela lapho. Ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kwamabutho aseFrance ngo-1814, iMilan izoba yinhloko-dolobha yezifunda ezihlukahlukene ezenziwe eNapoleon e-Italy.

Ngenxa yenkomfa yonke yaseYurophu eVienna, umuzi waphinde wahamba waya e-Austrian futhi waba isikhungo sombuso omusha waseLombardo-Venetian. Ngo-1848, phakathi nezinsuku eziyisihlanu zaseMilan, lapho abahlukumezi bezama ukuzimela ngaphandle kwabase-Austria, i-cannon yenqaba yaseSforza yashaya iMilan. Ukuvuswa kwacinywa, futhi bonke ababambe iqhaza baboshwa futhi bavalelwa ejele.

Ngo-1859, abase-Austrians basuka eLombardy, futhi abantu bendawo babamba futhi baphanga le nqaba, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwaba yincithakalo.

Umlando wanamuhla

Izakhamuzi eziningi zaseMilan ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX zafuna ukubhubhisa le nqaba e-Italy, ukuyihlwitha ebusweni bomhlaba futhi yakha into ewusizo endaweni yayo, isibonelo, indawo eyodwa yokuhlala yokuhlala. Ngenhlanhla, banquma ukungabhidliza inqaba, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuyibuyisela. Ukubuyiselwa kwenqaba ngo-1893 kwaqala umklami uLuca Beltrami, owazama ukubuyisela ukubukeka komlando kwezakhiwo zokubusa kukaSforza. Ngonyaka we-1905 umbhoshongo obuyiselwe weFilarete wavulwa, futhi ngaphesheya kwesakhiwo se-Sempione Park kwafakwa.

Phakathi nokuqhuma kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, amabhuloho amaningi okwakhiwa kwezakhiwo awonakele, kuhlanganise noCastello Sforzesco, ikakhulukazi iRochetta. Ekupheleni kwama-50s ekhulwini lokugcina inqaba yavuselelwa futhi yavulelwa ukuvakashelwa.

Ukuguqulwa kokugcina ekubukeni kwenqaba kwakuwumthombo omkhulu engxenyeni yayo yangaphakathi, okuthiwa yiMilanese "Wedding Cake" futhi wakhiwa endaweni yakudala, wabhidliza ngenkathi ukwakhiwa komhlaba ngaphansi kwama-60s ekhulu lama-XX.

Izakhiwo

I-Sforza Castle yesimanje isakhiwo sendawo nendawo delle Armi enkabeni. Izungezwe yizindonga ezinkulu, futhi isango eliphakathi lakhiwe ngendlela yesikhombandlela esingamakhilomitha amaningi - uFilaret, okwakuyisikhathi saso njengesibonakaliso seSpassky Tower eMoscow Kremlin. Ngakwesokunene nangakwesobunxele kukhona imibhoshongo yangasese ekhoneni - di Santo Spirito no dei Carmini.

Uma sidlula emnyango omkhulu embhoshongweni weFilaret, sithola e-Piazza delle Armi futhi singabona umbhoshongo ongowaso wesango lasePorta Giovia. Ngakwesokudla kukhona amakamelo a-ducal, nangakwesobunxele - ingxenye engqineke kakhulu yenqaba - Rochetta. It has patio yayo encane, kanye nemibhoshongo emibili enhle: Torre Castellana (Castle) kanye Tower of Bona Savoy. Esitezi esingaphansi kweTorre Castellana yindlu yokugcina impahla, lapho ungabona khona amafrescoes aseBramantino asele.

Ngaphakathi kwezindlu zokuhlala ezidumbini kunezindawo ezincane ezizungezwe i-portico eyaziwa namuhla njenge-Portico dell'Elefante, ebizwa ngokuthi i-fresco ebonisa lesi silwane.

Ama-Museums Castle

Lapho ufika eMilan yasendulo, izinto ezikumephu ongathanda ukuzovakashela zingafundiswa ngokungapheli.

Kodwa kubalulekile ukukhetha inqaba yaseSforza: kuyisikhumbuzo semlando, kanye nendawo lapho iminyuziyamu eminingi igxila khona. Phakathi kwabo - igalari yobuciko, i-Museum of Ancient Art, iqoqo lezinsimbi zomculo, iqoqo lamathinteriti aphakathi kwesikhathi kanye neminye imibukiso eminingi. Kumahhala ngemuva kokuya enqabeni, ungathenga ithikithi elilodwa lokuvakashela zonke iminyuziyamu noma ngokwehlukile ekuboniseni kwakho okuthandayo.