I-Old-Tatar Sloboda. Iziqhingi zaseKazan

I-sloboda eRussia yase-feudal yayibizwa ngokuthi idolobhana izakhamuzi ezazingekho ama-serfs, noma idolobha elisemadolobheni. I-Staro-Tatar Sloboda ingumzana wase-okologorodskoy, futhi manje ingxenye engeningizimu yesifundazwe saseKazan, inhliziyo yomlando yedolobha.

Umlando wesenzakalo

Leli dolobha livele ngemuva kokuthunjwa kukaKazan ngu- Ivan the Terrible ngo-1552. Abahlali bokuqala babengamaTatar - amasosha namakhosi angama-feudal, ahlanganyela ekunqobeni le ndawo. Ngo-1556, lapha, ngenxa yedolobha, abaTatars baxoshwa phakathi nendawo, balwa nezithunywa zevangeli ezingama-Orthodox ezingenayo. Kodwa-ke, lapha, ogwini lweLake Kaban, futhi lokhu kuboniswa ngabavubukuli, kwakukhona izindawo zokuqala. Ekuqaleni, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, iStaro-Tatar Sloboda kwakuyisitayela esisodwa esisolwandle.

Ukwakhiwa kokuhlala

Ngesikhathi sokushicilelwa kokuqala kwedokhumenti encwadini yasePisz ka-1565-1568, leli dolobha laliyi-suburb, enamamitha angu-150 futhi ahlanganisa imigwaqo eminingi yokufa. Kwasuka kusukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga. Lalinganiselwe ibhange elingakwesokunxele leLwandle Lase-Lower Kaban ne-Canal Bulak, eyayihlanganisa umfula waseKazanka, umfula waseVolga, namachibi aseKaban. Kusukela enyakatho, iStaro-Tatar Sloboda yayiboshelwe eMakethe Ephakathi. Manje sekuseningizimu ye-Vakhitovskiy esifundeni esiphakathi kwedolobha. Njengoba kwakhiwa indawo yasemaphandleni, leli dolobha lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezintathu: abadwebi bezakhiwo bahlala ngaseningizimu, ngemuva kwesiteshi seBulak, kwakuyingxenye yezimboni zokuhlala. Engxenyeni esenyakatho, eseduze komuzi, yaba ibhizinisi, insika yedolobha lasekhaya laliyingxenye yamasiko nokuhlala.

Isikhungo somlando sokuhlala

Ukuhamba okuyinhloko kwalesi sigodi esincane kwedolobha iTukaya Street. I-Kazan yenze inkumbulo yombongi wayo kazwelonke uGabdulla Tukay (1886-1913), owashona uMnuz Gorky, "elambile futhi esebenzisa" eneminyaka engama-26, hhayi kuphela ngamagama ezindawo zasemadolobheni.

Lo mgwaqo wakhiwe ngokugcwele izindlu zabathengi baseTatar - abathengisi bezentengiselwano nabameleli befundisi. Isikhungo salesi sizinda esingumlando siyindawo encane kakhulu yeYunusovskaya Square, esendaweni ye-Tukaya ne-F. Karim.

Ukufika komuntu osizayo

Ngokuqinisekile, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindlu zamapulangwe zaziphelile, zaphahlazeka, zabhujiswa, futhi endaweni engekho indawo izakhiwo ezintsha zanamuhla zavela, kodwa nokho izakhiwo eziningi zaseTatar zagcinwa e-Old-Tatar Sloboda. Umonakalo okhethekile ezakhiweni zokhuni kwabangela umlilo ngo-1842. Ngemuva kuka-1751, iNovo-Tatar Sloboda iqala ukwakha eningizimu. Ngo-1767, uKazan wavakashelwa nguCatherine II. Yena ngokwakhe wagunyaza ukwakha amasonto angamatshe. Futhi ngenkathi ngo-1773 umthetho odumile othi "Ukubekezelela Izinkolelo" washicilelwa, iStaro-Tatar Sloboda yaqala ukukhula ngokushesha.

Izakhiwo zokuqala zamatshe zamatshe

Ngaphambi kokufika kombusi kuleli dolobha kwakukhona imikhosi emibili yokhuni eyakhiwe ngo-1749 nonyaka ka-1759. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuphuma komuntu wasebukhosini, ngonyaka ofanayo ngo-1767, umthengisi M. Yunusov waqala ukwakhiwa kwe-mosque yamatshe. Futhi lokhu kwaba yindawo yokuqala ebhalisiwe ngokomthetho ngemuva kokuthunjwa kukaKazan ngu-Ivan the Terrible. Umkhosi wamanje we- Al-Mardjani wakhiwa iminyaka emine, futhi umhlaba wonke uqoqe imali kuwo. Igama layo linikezwe ngokuhlonipha u-Imam Shigabutdin Mardjani, owakhonza kuwo iminyaka engu-30. Wayengumkhanyisi odumile waseTatar nomfundisi wezenkolo. Lesi sikhungo samasonto asizange kuvaliwe eminyakeni yokulwa kukaNkulunkulu. Ngo-1768, kwakhiwa esinye isakhiwo se-mosque - i-Bayska (manje i-Apanaevskaya). Indawo yomlando yezizwe ezimbili yabonakala nakwakhiwa kwamathempeli amaSulumane. Ngakho-ke, i-Old-Tatar Sloboda eKazzan iphethe uMosque waseBurnaev, ekwakhiweni kwazo izakhiwo zombili zesiTatar nezaseRussia ezibonakala ngokucacile.

Izikhungo zokuzimela zendawo

Njengoba ukwakhiwa kwalendawo kwaqala ukwakheka kwama-mahallas. I-Makhallya ingxenyeni yaseMpumalanga yokuhlala, ngokuvamile ubukhulu bekota okwenziwa nguhulumeni wasekhaya. Isikhungo se-mahalla singumkhosi wama-mosque. Njengoba i-Old-Tatar Sloboda eKazan yayinama-mahallas angu-10, kwakukhona nemikhosi eminingi lapho. Isikhathi esivulekile sikaCatherine II sibonakala kahle eKazzan: umuzi ucebile, futhi lapha saqala ukwakha izindlu ezinhle kakhulu esimweni sikazwelonke.

I-Pearl ye-Old-Tatar Sloboda

Enye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu yindlu okuthiwa yi-Shamil, e-Tukaya Street. Yakhiwa ngo-1863 ngumninimali, umthengisi weqembu lokuqala Ibrahim Iskhakovitch Apakov. Indlu iseduze neYunusovskaya Square, e-Ekaterininskaya Street. Indodakazi yalomuntu ocebile yashada nendodana yesithathu ka-Imam Shamil, umholi odumile wezintaba zaseCaucasus. U-Shamil ngokwakhe wayengakaze ahlale kulo muzi, waboshwa eKaluga, kodwa wayevelele ezweni lamaSulumane. Ngakho-ke, ehlathini nentombazane eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala eyashade nomalume oneminyaka engu-45 ubudala, II Apakov wabeka lesi sihlalo, esikuloluhlu lwe "Ukubukeka kwe-Kazan". Incazelo yalesi sikhumbuzo sezakhiwo kanye nento yamagugu amasiko, lapho iminyuziyamu yeGabdulla Tukaya ikhona kusukela ngo-1986, ungaqala ngemingcele. Indawo yesakhiwo ingamamitha ayi-430 square, futhi ivolumu ingamamitha ayi-4,200 cubic. Ingaphandle yendlu iyinhlobonhlobo ezindabeni zokwakha zesikhathi esidlule. Esikhathini sobuciko kukhona ama-machiculi (amathanga angama-hinged), ama-arcades (uchungechunge lwamagceke amanga), ama-stucco angama-monograms nama-turrets anezintaba eziqanjwe. Isiqephu sihlotshiswe ngamafasitela ase-bay kanye ne-rizalit (ingxenye yesakhiwo esivela emgqeni omkhulu wesigcawu), ophahleni kukhona amathempeli aphakeme ne-vanes sezulu.

Okunye okukhangayo

Ngokuqinisekile yonke i-Old-Tatar Sloboda iyimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi yeKazzan. Kodwa kunezinto ezifanele ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kulo, okukhazimulisa hhayi kuphela lesi sifundazwe, kodwa wonke umuzi waseKazzan. I-Mosullah Mosque yikhumbuzo sezakhiwo. Yakhiwa ngo-1845-1849 phakathi nendawo yeHaymarket yomlando ngezindlela zomndeni ofanayo we-Yunusov. Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sakhiwe ngumdwebi u-AI Peske, umbhali wephrojekthi kwakungu-AK Loman. Kukhona futhi iMosque Blue e-Old-Tatar Sloboda , eyasendulo. Kuneziyishumi zazo, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, futhi ngamunye kufaneleka ukunakekelwa. Kukhona futhi ibandla leThikvin, elihloselwe iqembu elikhethekile lamaTatars, okuthiwa yi-Orthodoxy. Kusukela ezintweni ezingezona zenkolo zokunakekelwa, indlu ka-Apanaevs kanye neNdlu kaMthengisi kufanelekile.

Emgwaqweni - okungcono kunabo bonke

Ukubheka lezi zimangaliso abantu bahamba emhlabeni wonke. Ungayithola kanjani indawo yokuhlala yaseStaro-Tatar? Uma idolobha linesitimela, kulula kakhulu ukuya ezindaweni. Isiteshi sesitimela iKremlyovskaya sitholakala ngaphansi kweKazlin Kremlin, esinye sezikhungo eziyinhloko zezivakashi. Isiteshi esilandelayo nguTukaya Square. Ukuze uhlole isikhungo semlando yedolobha, ungaya kwesinye salezi ziteshi. Kusuka kuTukaya Square ngaseTatarstan Street ungaya e-Old-Tatar Sloboda. Kungaphakathi kwebanga lokuhamba. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ufike lapho ngokuthutha umphakathi - lapha kukhona imizila yebhayisikili ye-trolley No. 3, 5, 7 kanye namabhasi amaningana. Kusuka kwezinye izingxenye zedolobha elikhulu kuya enkabeni yeVakhitovskiy yomlando, ohlukaniswe nabanye uMfula i-Kazanka, ungakwazi ukufinyelela eMillennium Bridge, evulelwe iminyaka engu-1000 kaKazan, emadamu amathathu futhi ngosizo lwe-metro.

Ikheli lezokuhlala

Indawo ephawulekayo yomuzi yiStaro-Tatar Sloboda - ikheli kanje: eningizimu ye-Vakhitovsky wesifunda saseKazzan. Futhi uma udinga ukwazi ikheli lomlando othile, khona-ke umsizi wokuqala kule ndaba uzoba inethiwekhi. Isibonelo, iyiphi ikheli le-mosque ye-Al-Mardjani? Kubonakala kanje: I-Kazan, iKayum Nasyri Street, 17. Futhi iphi indlu kaSamil? Idolobha laseKazan, es. UGabululla Tukay, 74.