I Okugweda edume kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi umsebenzi wabo. Famous umqophi Russian

Indalo bokuqala ukuthi kungenziwa ngokuthi ebaziwe uvele izikhathi komlando futhi babe izithombe, futhi abamkhulekela njengokuphela okhokho bethu. Eminyakeni amakhulu ezidlule ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ubuciko ebaziwe ifinyelele engakaze ibonwe into ephakeme nje, namuhla singabona yobuciko Okuyınqo, njalo abatshazwe yizivakashi futhi abavelayo eminyuziyamu nasemigwaqweni zokuzijabulisa emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho ubani abaculi abadumile Russian kanye angaphandle nangenkathi ezahlukene ongacela ukuba igama lakhe kwathiwa labizwa ngokuthi "Okugweda owaziwa," futhi abanye imisebenzi yabo zifakwe Isikhwama segolide yobuciko emhlabeni?

Okugweda nabadumile ezweni lasendulo

Njengoba sekushiwo, ubuciko ebaziwe umsuka eminyakeni eminingi edlule, njengoba kufakazelwa itshe eziningi nobumba izithombe ezintathu-ntathu zabantu, izilwane wasenganekwaneni, kutholakele phakathi abavubukuli. Yiqiniso, akakho owazi abalobi zabo, kodwa umlando uye walondoloza amagama ezinye Okugweda omkhulu ezazisebenza isikhathi esisukela 14 leminyaka BC. e. futhi phambi 1st ekhulwini AD. e.

Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo ngokuthi ngubani Okugweda edume kakhulu zezwe lasendulo, phakathi kwabanye, qiniseka ingasaphathwa omkhulu umqophi baseGibhithe lasendulo uThutmose Junior. Wakusebenzela egcekeni likaFaro Akhenaten, futhi wadala omunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu yobuciko Amarna isikhathi - the ngokudayisa seNdlovukazi Nefertiti. Imininingwane Okuningi kukhona ngokuthi ngubani Okugweda edume kunazo lasendulo isikhathi IGrisi NeRoma. Ikakhulu, i-master futhi Critius Nesiot ezidalwe 5th ekhulwini BC. e. Ukwakheka enhle kakhulu futhi Garmody Aristogiton ukuthi kamuva ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa ephefumulelwe Okugweda kamuva isikhathi. eziphakeme ngisho nakakhulu ubuciko Sculpture wenza Phidias enkulu, ngubani umlobi kwesithombe uZeyusi e ngegolide nezinyo lendlovu, waqaphela njengesinye sezimangaliso zomhlaba lasendulo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni wakudala, okuyinto eyenziwe ezifana Okugweda odumile njengoba Scopas, Praxiteles futhi Lysippos, wadala lo okuthiwa Amahhashi Saint Mark. Ngokuqondene Okugweda Roman, iningi okudaliwe zabo, ezifana edumile Apollo Belvedere, kukhona amakhophi okwangempela ngesiGreki.

Okugweda nabadumile ezweni: Ephakathi

Njengoba wazi, ekuqaleni inkathi yomlando ukuthi ngemva kokuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga, kwakungelona isikhathi esingcono ukuthuthukiswa yobuciko. Yingakho kungekho imisebenzi eziphawuleka ngokukhethekile ubuciko ebaziwe okuqondene eminyaka th 5-12, namuhla alwaziwa. Ngenhlanhla, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lisibeka ebandla aqala buthaka, futhi kwakukhona izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu yabangcwele nababusi, ogama abalobi zavumela asuke canons esiqinile yobuciko zenkolo futhi wenze okudaliwe yabo nempilo kakhudlwana. Njengoba isibonelo, singanciphisa amakhosi ezifana ubaba nendodana Pisano, owayesebenza ngasekupheleni 13 futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14. Futhi-ke, uma kuziwa ngubani Okugweda edume kunazo kwesikhathi Gothic, akakwazi ngokuthi u-Adamu Kraft wadala altare zikanokusho Tetzel Chapel.

Art Sculpture Renaissance

Mhlawumbe akukho nelilodwa umuntu akazi ukuthi ngubani lo Okugweda edume kakhulu futhi imisebenzi yabo kwesikhathi Renaissance. Phela, kule nkathi zihlanganisa yobuciko ezifana esifanekisweni kaDavide futhi le Pieta ngu Michelangelo, ikhophi okuyinto lihlotshiswe amasonto obuKatolika emhlabeni wonke, kanye isikhumbuzo Gattamelata ngu Donatello futhi "Perseus" Benvenuto Cellini. Amakhosi French Kuyaphawuleka Zhana Guzhona futhi Germain Pilon ubesebenza ngaphansi kwethonya nozakwethu Italy.

amakhosi eyaziwayo ebaziwe kwekhulu le-18

Isibonelo omangalisayo ubuciko ebaziwe ezikhathini zanamuhla iyona edume waseTrevi ku Palazzo Poli eRoma, njengelinye lamazwe izimpawu yenhloko-dolobha wase-Italy. It lixhaswe ngezimali yi-Nicola Salvi futhi Pietro Bracci owenza umfanekiso Neptune futhi Triton. Ngekhulu le-18 wasebenza futhi Antonio Canova, idume tombstones yayo Zopapa, kanye owaziwa Okugweda kusukela France Edmond Bouchardon futhi Zhan Batist Pigall. Ngokuqondene Masters British, phakathi kwabo kukhona trio yasekuqaleni ehlanganisa Dzhona Flaksmana, Iosifa Nollekensa noTomase Banks.

ebaziwe European kwekhulu le-19

Ukuqala leminyaka elidlule kwaphawulwa ukubonakala izinkanyezi bright kwezwe ebaziwe - Bertel Thorvaldsen owaphana 1803 wethulwa emphakathini yayo "Jason". Ngemva aseqala izwe elikhulu, waba luthandwa kakhulu master abadumile amakhasimende ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene, futhi yayo impela ukuphila zokudala eside ezibaziweyo izingoma eziningi ezinhle kakhulu futhi ekumeni abantu abadumile. Ikakhulukazi, kuyafaneleka kokukhuluma friezes omkhulu, esibonisa nezigigaba Aleksandra Makedonskogo, wadala e 1812 i umhlobiso Quirinal Palace.

Uma sicabanga umbuzo ababengamadoda Okugweda edume kakhulu futhi imisebenzi yabo kwekhulu le-19, ngomunye wabokuqala efika engqondweni yigama Auguste Rodin. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba indalo yakhe "The Thinker" nesithi "Kiss" waqaphela njengoba yobuciko elikhulu kakhulu lobuciko emhlabeni. Kepha amakhosi ebaziwe eJalimane, ewufanele isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe L. Shvantaler owadala imisebenzi eminingi emangalisayo kuhlobisa izigodlo kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekile Munich.

Okugweda 20-21 eminyaka

Ekhulwini leminyaka eledlule, isiko amakhosi ezinkulu Italian baqhubeka Dzhakomo Mantsu, ezazidume ngokutshala kokudala kwakhe "eSangweni Ukufa", esenzelwe Cathedral of St Peter eRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyazuzisa kokukhuluma abaculi ezifana Zhak Lipshits futhi Osip Tsadkin, owayesebenza isitayela surrealist. Isigaba "Okugweda kakhulu nabadumile ezweni" libhekisela Alberto Giacometti, wadala ngo-1961, umsebenzi wokuhlekwa "okhamba", okuyinto kwakulinganiselwa ku Sotheby sika million 104,3 aseMelika. Phakathi Okugweda ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, liphinde Kuhle kokusho Fernando Botero, Lynn Chadwick Barri Flanagana futhi.

Okugweda Osaziwayo kusukela Russia 18-19 eminyaka

Khuluma mayelana nekhono ebaziwe eRussia ke akudingekile ukuba pre-Petrine inkathi, ngoba nje ayikho. Petersburg base wasenza cabanga zokuhlobisa izindlu zakhe zamakhosi; begodu neenkwere ukubaza, njengoba kwakuyisiko emazweni ase-European, ngakho enkantolo baqala ukumema abaculi angaphandle. Ngakho, Okugweda "Russian" yokuqala eyaziwayo naningabafokazi. Ngokwesibonelo, sezwa khona isithombe sakhe obala eziningana, waphonsa uyise ikusasa umakhi omkhulu - K. Rastrelli.

Ngemva ekusungulweni Academy of Arts uCatherine II lapho baqala ukuba baqeqeshwe bese abaseRussia. Ikakhulukazi, eminyakeni wokubusa wayo bangamaphayona avelele art ezifuywayo ebaziwe njengoba F. Shubin futhi M. Kozlovsky F. Gordeev, owadala uSamsoni abadumile. Ikakhulukazi eziningi abaculi abanamakhono sekukhona ekhulwini le-19. Ikakhulukazi, ngalesi sikhathi wadala enjalo Okugweda owaziwa Russian njengoba M. M. Antokolsky - umbhali we lesikhumbuzo ukuze uPeter Omkhulu ePeterhof, AM Opekushin, P. Velionsky futhi I. N. Shreder.

Art ebaziwe of nenkathi yamaSoviet nangemuva Soviet

Omunye imisebenzi liyabonakala kakhulu ebaziwe we nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, kusobala, iyona lesikhumbuzo edumile by Vera Mukhina "Isisebenzi sabaqashi Ipulazi Girl" - wavuma ngobuciko okwangempela nomphakathi. No kancane ezithakazelisayo futhi umsebenzi E. Vutechicha owadala "eyiQhawe umkhululi" I-Berlin sika Treptow Park kanye esifanekisweni edumile emhlabeni wonke "I-Motherland", futhi M. Anikushina - nombhali lesikhumbuzo A. P. Chehovu futhi Pushkin, eyasungulwa eLeningrad ngo-1957.

Njengoba ngubani Okugweda edume kunazo Russian kwesikhathi post-Soviet, cishe, kufanele udluliselwe, no-Ernst elingaziwa, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe kubusa amaSoviet, waphoqeleka yathuthela e-United States, kanye nomsebenzi walo eziphawuleka kakhulu - "Isivuvu ka Nosizi" Magadan ngoba yisikhumbuzo izisulu yokucindezelwa uStalin - wadala ngo-1996. Enye inkosi ebaziwe, iye ubhekwa kula mashumi eminyaka amuva - Shemyakin, phakathi imisebenzi okuyinto emfanele isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe multi-sibalo Ukwakheka "Izingane - izisulu wemikhuba omdala".