I last asebukhosini. Ukubulawa asebukhosini: Izimbangela Nemiphumela

wokugcina Russian uMbusi Nikolaya Romanova umndeni wabulawa ngo-1918. Ngenxa yokucasha ngu amaBolshevik, kukhona eziningi izinguqulo okunye. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwaba namahemuhemu, ukuze ujike lokubulala umndeni wasebukhosini kwilejendi. Were imfundiso yokuthi umuntu ubalekile izingane zakhe.

Washonaphi ngempela ehlobo lika-1918 eduze eYekaterinburg? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kungatholakala esihlokweni sethu.

prehistory

ERussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wayengomunye walaba emazweni amaningi athuthukile kwezomnotho wezwe. Kwafika Obani amandla Nikolay Aleksandrovich wayeyindoda mnene futhi muhle. Ngo umoya wayengeyena autocrat, kanye nesiphathimandla esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngombono wakhe ngokuphila kwakunzima ukulawula isimo ebhidlikayo.

Ukuvukela 1905 uye wasibonisa ukwehluleka kukahulumende kanye kude kwaso kubantu. Empeleni kwakukhona amabili amandla kuleli zwe. Esemthethweni - Umbusi wangempela - Izikhulu, izicukuthwane nabanikazi bemihlaba. Kwakuwusuku lokugcina ukuhaha kwakhe, ukuziphatha okubi nokungacabangeli ikusasa ubhubhisé amandla kanye okukhulu.

Iziteleka kanye imibuthano, imiboniso isinkwa nezibhelu, indlala. Konke lokhu kuyinkomba yokwehla. Okuwukuphela indlela yokuphuma kungaba ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi umbusi acindezele futhi kube lukhuni, owakwazi ukulawula izwe ngokugcwele ngaphansi kophiko lwayo.

UNicholas II njengoba kwakungesona. Wayelethwa igxile ukwakhiwa kwezitimela, amasonto, ekuthuthukiseni umnotho nempucuko umphakathi. Wakwazi sithuthuke lezi zindawo. Kodwa ushintsho oluhle baye iningi, kuphela eziqongweni umphakathi, njengoba iningi labantu abavamile Ephakathi zazisekhona ezingeni. Ithoshi, imithombo, izinqola kanye nabalimi abancane izikebhe zeviki.

Ngemva ukungena Empire Russian e kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kuphela anda ukunganeliseki abantu. Lesi sigameko asebukhosini isibe Apotheosis madness jikelele. Ngokulandelayo, sixoxa ngokuningiliziwe lesi senzo esibi.

Manje kubalulekile uqaphele okulandelayo. Ngemva abdication ka Tsar uNicholas II nomfowabo livela esihlalweni sobukhosi kuleli lizwe phambili aqale ethuthuka amasosha, abasebenzi kanye abalimi. Abantu abake kwakungewona ukuphathwa, ube izinga eliphansi kunawo wonke isiko nezahlulelo eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, sithole amandla.

nokhomishana wendawo Small wafuna ugazi ezinhlwini eliphakeme. izikhulu efanayo junior Ordinary nje mindlessly elandelayo oda. Isikhathi Nezinkinga ukuthi eyenzekile yayinjani le minyaka yesiyaluyalu, yanqamula ungene kobuso izakhi ezingezinhle.

Okulandelayo uzobona izithombe ngaphezulu Romanov asebukhosini. Uma ubheka kubo eduze, uzophawula ukuthi izingubo zombusi, umkakhe nezingane zakhe akuyona abaqhoshayo. Abayona ihlukile kuleyo ezazibazungezile ukuba uxhumanise abalimi kanye nabaqaphi.
Ake sibheke okwenzeka eYekaterinburg Julayi 1918.

inkambo imicimbi

Lesi sigameko asebukhosini kwakuhleliwe futhi uzilungiselele okwesikhathi eside. Nakuba amandla wayesekhona ezandleni Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, bezama ukuvikela. Ngakho-ke, i-emperor Petrograd ngemva kwezenzakalo ngoJulayi 1917, umkakhe, nabantwana bakhe kanye nabasizi idluliselwe Tobolsk.

Indawo ngokukhethekile letikhetselwe ethule. Kodwa eqinisweni sathola ezinjalo, okuyindawo kwakunzima ukubaleka. Ngesikhathi nojantshi angakafakwa sinwebiswe Tobolsk. Esiteshini esiseduze kwaba amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili ayisishiyagalombili.

Uhulumeni wesikhashana uye wafuna ukuvikela umkhaya kaKesari, ngakho-ke ukubhekisela Tobolsk owawuqondene uNicholas II phefu phambi okwakwenzeka esilandelayo. Inkosi, indlovukazi, izingane zabo kanye nabasizi babo bahlala lapho izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha.

Kodwa ngo-Ephreli, amaBolshevik emva ebabayo umshikashika wemandla ukukhumbula mayelana "ngezindaba ezazisele zilenga". Isinqumo yenziwa ukuletha zonke asebukhosini e Ekaterinburg, ababekade ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyidolobha siphephelo ukunyakaza abomvu.

Okokuqala e Perm adluliselwe kusukela Petrograd Duke UMichael, umfowabo wenkosi. Ekupheleni kuka-March, axoshwe wendodana yakhe uMichael nezingane ezintathu uKonstantin Konstantinovich e Vyatka. Kamuva zokugcina ezine idluliselwe Ekaterinburg.

Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu okuhunyushiwe empumalanga steel nokuzwelana UNikolai Alexandrovich German uMbusi uWilliam ukusondela Allied Petrograd. Abavukeli esatshwe ukukhululwa yenkosi kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamakhosi.

indima abathandwayo Yakovlev, ngubani waphathiswa athwale umbusi kusukela Tobolsk ukuze Ekaterinburg umndeni. Wayazi ukuthi lizotholana phezulu nelinye laseSiberia amaBolshevik Uzame yinkosi.

Ngokwe-zomlando, kukhona ezimbili imibono lochwepheshe. Okokuqala bathi ngempela Konstantin Myachin. Wasamukela umyalelo kusuka Center "ukuletha inkosi nomkhaya wayo eMoscow." Lesi sakamuva bavame ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi Yakovlev kwaba ngiyinhloli European, sihlose ukuba ugcine uMbusi, ayiswe Japan ngokusebenzisa Omsk futhi Vladivostok.

Esefikile Ekaterinburg zonke iziboshwa endlini umndeni Ipatiev. Londoloza isithombe se-Romanov asebukhosini e ukudluliselwa Ural Soviet Yakovlev. Indawo yeziboshwa phakathi Abavukeli ngokuthi "injongo ikhaya ekhethekile."

Kube bavalelwa izinsuku ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nesimo sengqondo wokugada kuKesari nomkhaya wakhe izochazwa kamuva. Okwamanje, kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi wayebadelela futhi boorish. Laba kuthiwa babamba inkunzi, zicindezela nasengqondweni nangokwengqondo kabi, ukuze kwakungelona lubonakale izindonga inxuluma.

Uma ucabangela imiphumela yophenyo, thina sihlolisise ebusuku, lapho le nkosi kanye nomndeni wakhe kanye nabasizi bakhe wadutshulwa. Manje siphawula ukuthi ukubulawa zenzeka cishe ngemva kwengxenye kobusuku lwesithathu. Udokotela-udokotela Botkin ka Abavukeli uyala zonke iziboshwa ephaphama, wahambisana nabo ku emiphongolweni.

Kukhona futhi kuyicala elibi kakhulu. Wayala Jurowski. Yena yamemeza iqhwa ukulungele ukuthi "ozama ukulondoloza, futhi evakashelwe lesi kwakuyisimo esiphuthumayo." Akekho iziboshwa kabaqedisisanga. UNicholas II kwadingeka kuphela ukubuza ukuphinda lokho akushilo, kodwa usizi aba nalo lapho isimo bethukile amasosha ase eqala ukudubula ngokungakhethi. Futhi punishers eziningana ixoshe kusuka kwelinye igumbi ngokusebenzisa emnyango. Ngokusho ofakazi bengenakuwubulala zonke okokuqala. Abanye abangu wakhawula nge ashaya.

Ngakho, lokhu kubonisa ashesha yokuntuleka ukuqeqeshwa imisebenzi. Ukubulawa kwaba lynching, okuyinto waya amaBolshevik elahlekile amakhanda abo.

disinformation Uhulumeni

Lesi sigameko asebukhosini namanje ezingaxazululeki imfihlakalo umlando Russian. Isibopho lokhu atrocity amanga kokubili Lenin futhi Sverdlov ukuthi Uralsovet nje unikeze alibi, futhi ngqo Abavukeli laseSiberia odlule ukwesaba jikelele futhi walahlekelwa amakhanda awo ngesikhathi sempi.

Noma kunjalo, ngokushesha ngemva ubugebengu kufezeke uhulumeni wasungula umkhankaso mhlophe idumela lawo. Phakathi abacwaningi ezazihilelekile kulesi sikhathi, izenzo zakamuva abizwa ngokuthi "disinformation umkhankaso".

Ukufa asebukhosini kwathiwa nesilinganiso esifanele kuphela. Njengoba, ngokuvumelana izihloko kwamaBolshevik bhalisiwe, icebo esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso kwatholakala. Amanye amaphoyisa ezimhlophe bebehlela ukuhlasela indlu Ipatiev nekuvumela kukhululeka umbusi kanye nomkhaya wakhe.

Iphuzu lesibili, okuyinto ngolaka ukufihla iminyaka, kwaba ukuthi esingu abantu nanye. Umbusi, nomkakhe, nezingane ezinhlanu futhi amadoda amane yezinceku.

Imicimbi macala hhayi wachazela iminyaka eminingi. ukuqashelwa Esemthethweni wanikezwa kuphela ngo-1925. Lesi sinqumo ngenxa ukukhululwa kwale ncwadi eNtshonalanga Yurophu lapho imiphumela yophenyo banikezwe Sokolov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abaphathiswe Bykov bhala mayelana 'indlela samanje izenzakalo. " Le ncwajana yadalwa ngezinsuku Sverdlovsk ngo-1926.

Noma kunjalo, amaBolshevik amanga ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele, kanye ekufihleni iqiniso kubantu abavamile shake ukholo lwabo amandla. Lobu bugebengu nasemiphumeleni yaso, ngokuvumelana Lykova ziye zabangela abantu ukungakwethembi uhulumeni, okuyinto ayikashintshi ngisho lapho kuqala inkathi yangemva namaSoviet.

Isiphetho lonke Romanovs

Lesi sigameko asebukhosini kwakudingeka alungiselele. Ngokufanayo, "Ukushisa" kwaba ukuqedwa umzalwane zombusi, Mikhail Alexandrovich nonobhala wakhe siqu.
Ngobusuku nambili ku 13 June 1918 ngenkani bayiswa ehhotela for emzini Perm. Badutshulwa ehlathini, futhi izinsalela zabo ungazange osatholakele.

Ngokuba isikhamo sewayini isitatimende ngamazwe senziwa, ukuthi Grand Duke wathunjwa kubaduni futhi obekulokhu kungekho. Ukuze Russia, version esemthethweni kwaba Ukuphunyuka Mikhail Alexandrovich.

Inhloso esemqoka yalolu hlelo lokusebenza kwaba ukuze kusheshiswe kwecala umbusi kanye nomkhaya wakhe. Rumour eyasinda kungase kube nomthelela ukukhululwa "engumashiqela olunegazi" kanye "Isijeziso esifanele thina".

Wahlupheka hhayi kuphela umndeni zokugcina wasebukhosini. Ngo Vologda, abantu abayisishiyagalombili kwathi abangu-izenzakalo eziphathelene Romanovs. Izisulu zazihlanganisa Imperial Igazi Prince Igor, u-Ivan Konstantin Konstantinovichi, Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, Prince Paley yokuhlonza, ukwengamela kanye kelejnitsy.

Bonke ziphonswe Selimskaja emgodini phansi, eduze nedolobha Alapayevsk sifundazwe Perm. Kuphela Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich inkani wase edutshulwa. Abanye ngishaqekile futhi aphonswe uyaphila phansi. Ngo-2009, base abagcotshwa njengoba abafel 'ukholo.

Kodwa lokhu bomele igazi wayengazange wanqamuka. Ngo-January 1919, emboniselweni nazo esingu Romanovs ezine ngaphezulu. Grand Dukes uNicholas Georgy Mikhailovich, Dmitry K. futhi Pavel Aleksandrovich. Le nguqulo esemthethweni leKomiti Revolutionary kwaba okulandelayo: ukuqedwa abathunjwa ekuphenduleni lokubulala Liebknecht futhi eLuxemburg eJalimane.

Umlando wabantu ababephila

Abacwaningi Uzame zikwazi kanjani amalungu asebukhosini abulawa. Into engcono nale usizo ukuphatha ubufakazi abantu ababekhona lapho.
Umthombo wokuqala sinjalo siqu idayari amanothi Trotsky. Waphawula ukuthi iphutha elala neziphathimandla zendawo. Ikakhulukazi ngamnyama amagama Stalin futhi Sverdlov njengoba abantu abathatha lesi sinqumo. Lev Davidovich uthi ngokuya isilinganiselo amabutho eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia ibinzana kukaStalin ukuba "inkosi ayikwazi ukunikeza Abamhlophe", baba isigwebo sentambo.

Kodwa ososayensi singabaze njengobufakazi obugcwele izenzakalo amanothi. Babedalelwene ku namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni, lapho abasebenza kufakazelwa umlando wokuphila uStalin. Kube ngenza amaphutha athile, waveta kutsi Trotsky babekhohliwe eziningi zezenzakalo.

Ufakazi wesibili ulwazi kusukela idayari Milutin, okhuluma lokubulala umndeni wasebukhosini. Ubhala ukuthi Sverdlov waya emhlanganweni wafike wambuza Lenin izwi. Uma Yakov ethi inkosi yafa, uLenin ngokucijile ushintshe isihloko waqhubeka emhlanganweni efana umusho odlule wayengekho.

Umlando eziphelele kakhulu asebukhosini ezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila babuyiselwe yezifiso ngemibuzo abahlanganyeli kulezi zenzakalo. Abasebenzisi yabalindi, futhi eziqhelelene ingajezisa emngcwabeni wafakaza izikhathi eziningana.

Nakuba base udidekile ngokuvamile kakhulu, kodwa leli qiniso eliyisisekelo ayiguquki. Zonke amaBolshevik, ababe eduze kwenkosi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, kwakudingeka abathi. Othile esikhathini esidlule ubelokhu esejele ngokwami, umuntu has izihlobo. Ngokuvamile, thina baqoqa akuxhomekile owayengumengameli-iziboshwa.

Ngo eYekaterinburg, amaBolshevik kwakulimaze izidlamlilo and Socialist-mbuso. Ukuze hhayi ukulahlekelwa ukuthembeka, umkhandlu wendawo, kwanqunywa ukuba ngokushesha uzoqeda le ndaba. Ikakhulukazi ngoba kwakukhona amahemuhemu okuthi Lenin ufuna ukushintshanisa asebukhosini ukunciphisa inani lokumiswa.

Ngokwe-ababambiqhaza, lokhu yisona sixazululo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo ngesikhathi ngiphenywa, wazishaya isifuba wathi wabulala mathupha kumbusi. Ngubani at munye ne isibhamu ezintathu. Ngokwe Diaries Nicholas nomkakhe, abasebenza agade kubo ngokuvamile badakwe. Ngakho-ke, lapho sikhuluma ngezenzakalo ezingemva ezithile yangempela ngeke ibuyiselwe.

Kwenzekeni izinsalela

lokubulala bobukhosi umndeni okwenzeka ekusithekeni, wahlela ukugcina imfihlo. Kodwa labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo zokuqeda izinsalela ungazange abhekana ngayo umsebenzi.

iqembu umngcwabo esikhulu kakhulu yabuthelwa. Yurovsky kwadingeka ukuba athumele abaningi emuva edolobheni "ayisadingeki".

Ngokusho kobufakazi labahlanganyeli inqubo, lithwalwa umsebenzi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ekuqaleni, kwakuhlelwe ukuba alishise izingubo, nemizimba nqunu aphonswe emgodini, nigcwalise umhlaba. Kodwa kokuwa oluvundlile. Kwadingeka kukhishwe izinsalela asebukhosini bese beveza ngenye indlela.

Kwanqunywa ukuba ashise gqiba bahambe emgwaqweni, okuyinto nje lakhiwa. wakhulelwa Ngaphambili banyakamisa emzimbeni sulfuric acid-ukuqashelwa. Kusukela imizuzu kuyacaca ukuthi izindikimba ezimbili zishisiwe wangcwatshwa lonke.

Kusolakala washisa isidumbu Alexei nentombazane eyodwa kusukela abasebenzi.

Ubunzima yesibili yayiwukuthi iqembu wayematasa ubusuku bonke futhi ekuseni baqala ukuvela abahambi. ukuze Cordon off endaweni futhi enqatshelwa bebesuka endaweni engumakhelwane wanikezwa. Kodwa ekusithekeni of the operation bekaphadlhuke kuhlulekile.

Uphenyo selukhombisile ukuthi izama bangcwabe izidumbu eduze kwemayini №7 futhi 184 hambisa th. Ikakhulukazi, eduze yokugcina zitholakale lapho ngo-1991.

uphenyo Kirsten

26-27 July 1918 abalimi ezitholakala eziko eduze Iset emayini yegolide engu- ngamatshe ayigugu. I Okutholakale ngokushesha nje ngafakwa uLieutenant Sheremetyevo, ngubani ecashele amaBolshevik edolobhaneni Koptyaki. It kwenziwa uphenyo, kodwa kamuva kunjalo wabelwa Kirste.

Waqala ukufunda ukuchitha ubufakazi bofakazi ngubani bakhomba lokubulala umndeni Romanov. Mayelana udidekile yakhe futhi ethukile. Umseshi besingalindele ukuthi lena akuyona ngemiphumela enkantolo yezempi, futhi icala lokwephula umthetho.

Waqala ukungabaza ofakazi, ngubani bafakaza eziphikisa. Kodwa okusekelwe kuzo Kirsta Ngaphetha ngokuthi mhlawumbe lo esingu kuphela uMbusi onendlalifa. Ezinye izindaba zika-umndeni zayiswa Perm.

Kubonakala sengathi lo mseshi ubeke umgomo ukufakazela ukuthi akubona bonke Romanov asebukhosini abulawe. Ngisho nangemva kokuba ngokucacile waqinisekisa ubugebengu, Kirsten waqhubeka ehlola abantu abasha.

Ngakho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uthola udokotela othile Utochkina kufakazela ukuthi iphathwa inkosazana Anastasia. Khona-ke omunye ufakazi wakhuluma ngesimo ukuhunyushwa lomkakhe nawezinye zezingane zombusi e Perm, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo wayesazi amahemuhemu.

Ngemva Kirsta kuhlangahlangene ngokuphelele le ndaba, sanikwa kwenye umphenyi.

Sokolov uphenyo

Ubani waqala ukubusa ngo-1919, Kolchak wayala Diteriks baqonde indlela umndeni Romanov bobukhosi wabulawa. Kugcine unganiki kunjalo kumseshi ezindabeni ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi okwakushiwo Omsk esifundeni.

Igama lakhe kwakungu Sokolov. Ukubulawa asebukhosini, 'Lo muntu waqala ukuphenya kusuka ekuqaleni. wonke umsebenzi ehhovisi, kodwa akazange athembele yezifiso kudida Kirsten Nakuba sesidlulisiwe.

Falcons kabusha wavakashela emayini, kanye indlu umndeni Ipatiev. Ikhaya ukuhlolwa kwakunzima ukuthola khona bezeMpi abavela eCzech Army. Noma kunjalo, ngokubhala German odongeni, ikhotheshini kusukela evesini Heine sika kwatholakala ukuthi nkosi wabulala izifundo. Amazwi abangu emibi ngokucacile ngemva kokushona ebomvu edolobheni.

Ngaphezu imibhalo e eYekaterinburg, umseshi ithunyelwe icala lokubulala Prince Michael Permian nobugebengu ngokumelene Izikhulu Alapaevsk.

Nakulokhu futhi, amaBolshevik ashaqe esifundeni, Sokolov nokuthengiswa e Harbin, futhi eminye ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana futhi zonke wamaphepha. Bona zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo izithombe asebukhosini, Diaries, nezinye ubufakazi.

Imiphumela yophenyo, wanyathelisa ngo-1924 e-Paris. Ngo-1997, okuwunyaka, Hans-Adamu II, iSikhulu Liechtenstein, lidlule wonke benza nemisebenzi yobubhalane uhulumeni waseRussia. Kunalokho Amafayela umndeni wakhe ekhululwa, akhishelwe khona ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili.

uphenyo yesimanje

Ngo-1979 iqembu abathanda eholwa Ryabov futhi Avdonina kwemibhalo archival atholakele wangcwatshwa eduze esiteshini "184 km". Ngo-1991, lona wamuva wawuthi wayazi lapho kukhona khona izinsalela uMbusi kuthiwa esingu. Kwakuthinta kabusha lasungula uphenyo ukuze ekugcineni iyicacisa ukubulala asebukhosini.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ku Kulokhu yayiqhutshelwa endaweni yokugcina ka izihloko ezimbili nasemadolobhaneni okuyinto beniyingxenye imibiko lamashumi amabili lonyaka. yezifiso eziye zahlolisiswa, izincwadi, babesebenzisa ucingo olubhalwayo, uhlu lobukhosi izithombe nomndeni Diaries. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusekelwa Ministry of Foreign Affairs ukuqhuba ucwaningo endaweni yokugcina ka-iningi lamazwe baseNtshonalanga Yurophu ne-United States.

Ulahla uphenyo abathintekayo umtjhutjhisi criminologist Solovyov. Ngokuvamile, lapho baqinisekisa zonke izinto zokwakha Sokolov. isigijimi sakhe Alexy II uthi "izimo lapho kungenzeki ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe izidumbu."

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela ekupheleni XX - ekuqaleni xxi leminyaka, inqatshelwe ngokuphelele version okunye imicimbi, okuzoxoxwa kamuva.
I nokunxusa asebukhosini owaqhutshelwa e-1981, Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia Phesheya, kanti eRussia - ngo-2000.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nemibono

Njengoba amaBolshevik wazama ahlukanisa ubugebengu, amahemuhemu iye yaba negalelo kumiswa izinguqulo okunye.

Ngakho, omunye wabo wayengumuntu ukubulawa isiko zhidomasonov ngenxa zungu. Omunye wabeluleki womphenyi nokuthi wayekubonile "izimpawu Kabbalistic" ezindongeni emiphongolweni. Lapho ehlola ke kwenzakala izimpawu zezibhamu ashaya.

Ngokusho Diterichs ithiyori, liye anqunywe phansi futhi kulondolozwe ikhanda utshwala zombusi. izinsalela Found sinqatshiwe futhi lo mbono ngendlela yokusangana.

Amahlebezi, amaBolshevik okuxekethile, futhi ubufakazi bamanga "iso-lofakazi 'emenza uchungechunge izinguqulo amadoda waphunyuka ngalobo busuku. Kodwa izithombe asebukhosini ezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila akazange uqinisekise kubo. Futhi wathola uhlonzwe izinsalela ongaphika lezi zinguqulo.

Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye wonke amaqiniso yobugebengu, eRussia kwakunengozi nokunxusa asebukhosini ziye kungase kutholakale. Yilesi isizathu esenza ukuba kube wenziwa eminyakeni engu-19 ngaphambi kuka phesheya.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sakghona ukwazi izimo uphenyo futhi omunye zonya ezimbi kunazo zonke emlandweni Russia lamashumi amabili leminyaka-.