I isikhunta sihluke izitshalo kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo

Mushrooms - ukuziphilisa nezidalwa esiyingqayizivele. Amazing ezihlukahlukene futhi ikhono lazo akha Symbiosis ngezinhlobo ezahlukene eziningi izilwane nezitshalo ibanikeze anhlobonhlobo. I amakhowe abahluke ngaso kwezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi kungani ivelele osendaweni ezimele zomhlaba abahlala? Phela, izimpawu zangaphandle amakhowe ephakeme zifane izitshalo. Imvubelo okuqondene isikhunta owumphumela, ngezindlela eziningi esifana amagciwane. Ngakho lokho isikhunta sihluke izitshalo nezilwane?

ngezigaba Omfushane

Zonke izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu, ososayensi besahlukaniselwa imibuso ezinhlanu:

• Kingdom Animal;
• umbuso isitshalo;
• fungus;
• umbuso bacterium;
• Zamagciwane umbuso.

I amakhowe sihluke amalungu eminye imibuso futhi kungani wakhetha? Ososayensi bazi ezingaphezu kuka-100 eziyinkulungwane isikhunta. Nazo ngokufanayo, zihlukaniswa neminyango emithathu:

• lezi amakhowe;
• oomycetes;
• ulele.

Ukutadisha udaba kuka isikhunta sihluke zezitshalo nezilwane, waziphatha isayensi mycology.

Ngokungafani izitshalo isikhunta

Ephakeme isikhunta mycelium oluthatha indawo eside. Izinhlobo eziningi ziphila e Symbiosis nge izimpande izihlahla ukwakha mycorrhiza. Ingxenye elingaphandle ukhunta - fruiting umzimba - athwala umsebenzi ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Futhi amakhowe bengafani izitshalo? Impendulo itholakala ngokuyinhloko ngendlela lapho isikhunta kukhishwe izakhi.

• Ngokungafani izitshalo amakhowe bantule chlorophyll - abakwazi ukukhiqiza udaba eziphilayo kusuka ndaba wezinto ezingaphili. Ngu uhlobo amakhowe ukudla, njengezilwane, bayizidalwa heterotrophs. Phakathi mushroom has izimuncagazi ezibangela izilwane nezitshalo izifo. izifo maKristu abizwa mycoses. Kukhona saprophytes, bavuselele efile udaba eziphilayo - izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukhona ksilofity ohlaba ukhuni oluphilayo kanye efile. Eziphila bazuze "inkosi", akhishwa inzuzo nokubambisana bona. Kukhona ngisho amakhowe abazingeli bahlala ungqimba emhlabeni nomhlabathi ekhasini worm encane.
• Umzimba isikhunta iyafana izilwane. Amaprotheni, isitshalo ngokungafani - egcwele, futhi umkhiqizo ekupheleni nokucekelwa kuyinto urea. Lapho yokubola efile ukhunta kwamaprotheni wajinge wanamatsela ukuba alkaloid isilwane - ubuthi cadaveric. Amakhowe amandla ezivezwa wokuqhekeka glucose ne izitshalo - carbon dioxide. Umzimba lecithin samanje futhi glycogen, engesiyo ezazikhona ezitshalweni.
• Ubuthi amakhowe ku isakhiwo chemical efana ushevu izilwane (izinyoka), kodwa hhayi izitshalo.
• Udonga cell e isikhunta is ivezwe kahle futhi namaprotheni futhi chitin, kuyaqabukela njengoba izitshalo - kusuka cellulose.

Ngakho ukuthi amakhowe ubukeka kuphela afana nezitshalo. umehluko oyisisekelo isikhunta ezilwaneni kakhulu ephansi.

I amakhowe bahluka ezilwaneni

Noma kunjalo, kunezizathu isikhunta esihlanganisa nabo izitshalo.

• Fungus zikwazi ukuthola izakhi yonkana kobuso - abanakho wokugaya ukudla.
• Thanda izitshalo, isikhunta babe eqinile nakho ngeke kusize cell udonga - amaseli isilwane babe igobolondo eziningana ezahlukene.
• Cell mitosis kanye kumiswa amangqamuzana amasha e isikhunta iyafana labo ulwelwe ensundu.
• Amakhowe Awukwazi ukuhambisa ngokuzimela.

Enye kuka isikhunta zihluke izilwane kanye nezitshalo - lamaseli kungase kudingeke cores ezimbili, futhi imfundo ekhethekile - thalli - zimumethe sebuningini cores. Singesona isitshalo noma lokhu ebonwe izilwane - iseli njalo iqukethe core olulodwa.

Fungus namagciwane

Ezahlukahlukene isikhunta namagciwane? Kwasekuqaleni, phakathi amagciwane abe kokubili autotrophs futhi heterotrophs. Okunye umehluko:

• Amaseli babe nuclei kwamagciwane.
• Ama-bacterium - kukhethekele eziphilayo owumphumela.
• Amagciwane angabasizi ezincane ngobukhulu nesikhunta kakhulu kungabonwa ngeso lenyama.
• Ezinye izinhlobo zama-bacterium ayakwazi ukuthuthela ngokuzimela ngosizo flagella.

Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi ihlukanise isikhunta namagciwane - ukuthuthukiswa isikhala ephilayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isikhunta (engesiyo aminingi ukudlula mycelium we ukhunta) owaziwa ososayensi omunye sikhuthazela kakhulu eziphilayo abaholi ukuyokudla izindawo zakwa-bacterium asele ndawo. Ububanzi lokushisa nezinye izinkomba amabhaktheriya imvelo kwanikela kunakunoma zonke ezinye izidalwa.

Uyini umahluko kusuka isikhunta ulele

Division Ulele - iyunithi nomenclatural zombuso isikhunta. Ngokungafani isikhunta of ulele ke ukuthi yamuva ayizona ngaphezu Symbiosis ulwelwe nesikhunta. Mycelium izindikimba ezihlangene yakha umzimba ulele futhi phakathi sesigcilikisha siphile oluluhlaza noma oluhlaza ulwelwe - oluncane. Lichen uhlala kuphi lapho kukhona ukukhanya. mycelium fungal ubamba amanzi nokumbiwa izakhi of imvelo, futhi ulwelwe etholakala asemkhathini carbon dioxide futhi lezi izinto ziya kwemiqondo kusukela engokwemvelo. Ngakho, uhlobo lokudla - avtogeterotrofny, ulele onikeza kunezinzuzo ezithile kokubili amakhowe langempela futhi izitshalo phambi.

Ososayensi namanje abakazi kuvumelana kuloko isisekelo kusekelwe ukuxhumana ukhunta kanye ulwelwe. Ngokusho kwenye theory, kuba nokubambisana letihlomulisa. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, ulele - ukhunta yisinanakazana ku ulwelwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ulwelwe esandisa ngokushesha, ukubhujiswa kwalo okuphelele ingekho. Futhi samuntu lwesithathu, nokuxhumana ukhunta kanye ulwelwe imelelwa parasitism mutual ukulalela ngokugcwele umthetho kuwukuziphikisa.

Ohlukile amakhowe

Fungus zahlukahlukene kakhulu isakhiwo kanye ndawo. Baletha umuntu kokubili inzuzo kanye nokulimala. Injongo eyinhloko isikhunta e nokusakazwa izinto - udoti izinto ezifile, ikakhulukazi womtholo, ukwakheka inhlabathi. Fungus ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu izinto eziphila abakhuthele futhi kuncike ngentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe microbiology ne-biotechnology.

Lokuzaliswa isikhunta zenzeka ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Lena ngenye ezingaphezu kuka isikhunta bengafani izitshalo kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa 1-2 zizalela indlela. Ngo isikhunta Lokuzaliswa kungenzeka:

• Vegetative - ingxenye mycelium, luthela noma imfundo professional.
• Asexual - by ezinhlamvu (conidia noma sporangium).
• Zangasese - by ukuhlanganisa mycelia ezimbili eziyinhloko.

Indlela kusekelwe ukuphindwaphindwa ngezigaba isikhunta ngaphakathi umbuso.

A ezihlukahlukene amakhowe

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso amafomu nezindlela zokuzalanisa nokondla inqubo - yilokhu isikhunta abahluke ngaso kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke phakathi amakhowe amanita wathola, ngoba fruiting zabo zomzimba abantu sebenzisa for dla. Amaprotheni usizo ifaniswe inyama yezilwane. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-8,000 zezinhlanzi ezikhulayo emhlabeni wonke. Okwakwaziswa ngokukhethekile amakhowe amhlophe, puffball amakhowe futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke nge okwelapha.

Amakhowe ezidala umonakalo ngokuthi imisebenzi yezolimo. Smut isikhunta ezibangela izifo zokusanhlamvu nokugqwala ibukeke izindawo ensundu ne Polypore sahlala zemithi. I aphansi owumphumela ukhunta Mucor umonakalo ukudla, ukwakha enamathela omhlophe kuzo. Imvelo yaleli ukhunta kunendima enhle, kodwa ngokuvamile kuba imbangela spoilage isinkwa, imifino kanye nezithelo. Fungus bohlobo lwe-Aspergillus futhi penicillum ayisikhunta ephakeme, kodwa isinyathelo ukudla njengoba elimazayo njengoba Mucor. Ngaphezu ukunwetshwa substrate, le mycelium okukhishwe mycotoxins ukuthi kungabangela ubuthi abantu nezilwane. Le mpahla zabantu zisebenzisa nangezinjongo omuhle: ezinye izinhlobo isikhunta ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa - imithi elwa namagciwane ngawo ukwelapha izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. isikhunta Lower ezibangela izifo eziningi izithelo nemifino: ". umdlavuza amazambane" okulimaza sekwephuzile, "blackleg",

Isibiliso nazo amakhowe. Lezi ezincane eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi nande okusaqanda endaweni ocebile in ushukela. Ngosizo lwabo, umuntu ukhiqiza iwayini, ubhiya nezinye iziphuzo ezidakayo, amnandi breads, zidla izilwane. imvubelo parasitism ezitshalweni kuholela isifo okuthiwa "powdery isikhutha", futhi abantu nezilwane babangela thrush.

Amakhowe izimpawu rodnyaschie nabo izilwane nezitshalo. Ngokubukeka ayefana xaxa izitshalo, kanye exchange of izinto futhi uhlobo lokudla - ezilwaneni. isikhunta Abaningi unicellular zifana bacterium, kodwa kunomehluko obalulekile, ngokuyinhloko inqubo yokuzala. Ngakho ososayensi kufanele ukuhlukanisa zalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo embusweni ahlukene - umbuso isikhunta.