Lokuzaliswa isikhunta. Izindlela esiphelweni isikhunta

Sasivame ukubiza le amakhowe amakhowe futhi boletus, abonakala amahle isethi etafuleni eyodla. Kodwa isimo sawo sangempela Kusho baphikisa ngokuthi izifundo wezitshalo, noma esimweni izingxoxo "mbumbulu yesayensi" ezingavamile. Isakhiwo, indlela yokuphila, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuze kwenziwe isikhunta iningi labantu bahlale "kuyimfihlakalo." Yebo, ekhethekile indaba ephathwayo. Noma kunjalo, abantu abafundile, kuyinto efiselekayo abe ukumelwa sakugcina konke. Aint it?

Incazelo ephilayo ophilayo

Ngaphambi sithola isihloko ezithakazelisayo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi "Izindlela yokuzalana fungal," Ake ubuze lokho abayikho. Lokhu kubalulekile futhi kakhulu ezithakazelisayo. Lapho ubheka ikusasa, sithi kabusha isikhunta - akuyona inqubo lula. efana naleyo Ezazimzungezile - amagama amabili abakwazi ukuchaza. Kodwa ake oda. Isikhunta eziphilayo, ezibonisa izici kokubili ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. A Symbiosis kokubili. Umbuso wabo ungumbuso omkhulu! Kuhlanganisa amakhowe ngokwabo futhi mikoidy (okuthiwa gribopodobnye eziphilayo). Njengamanje, bangaphezu kuka-abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi ezinhlobo ezaziwayo, nakuba ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi bahlola kuphela yesithathu ekhona ngokwemvelo. Umbono wokuthi kungenzeka neze embuzweni, kusukela khona nokukhiqizwa isikhunta, njengoba kuvela, kungathatha indawo kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu futhi zicatshangwe. Isayensi iye bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi lezi eziphilayo akudingeki lwemisuka izitshalo. Bona uvela ikakhulukazi ezincane-eziphilayo olwandle. Nge izitshalo kuletha isikhunta cell udonga isakhiwo, stationarity, ikhono nokuzala ezinhlamvu, synthesis amavithamini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziba kusukela izakhi emhlabathini. Nge izilwane, nazo ziba ukufana. Okungukuthi, amakhowe, glycogen aqoqana ngesimo isitokwe, unekhemikhali urea, abakwazi ukudala izakhi zabo.

Okuncane isakhiwo

Ukuze ukucabanga kabusha isikhunta, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi abukeka kanjani. Phela, akucaci yini ngeke zenziwe. Amakhowe ingxenye enkulu kuqukathe umzimba vegetative. Lena akuyona esikubonayo futhi ukuqoqa. Lokhu umzimba empeleni simele omkhulu mass kungekho nto enemibala emihle sesigcilikisha mncane, ngokuthi "mycelium" noma "mycelium". It ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili. Omunye ungaphakathi phansi futhi unesibopho ukudla. Esesibili - eduze kwamanzi. Le ngxenye iphatha ukwakheka Izitho zokuzala (esilibiza ngokuthi amakhowe). Ngokwako umzimba ophilayo kungaba ngobuqili kakhulu avumelane nendawo ezikuyo, ukuma komzimba vegetative. Ngokwesibonelo, izimuncagazi kungathatha izimpande "donor", nkinga ke izakhamzimba.

Izindlela esiphelweni isikhunta

Njengoba lena umhlaba wonke ehlukene eziphilayo akudingeki "izihlobo" in the izilwane nezitshalo imvelo ophilayo, futhi ukhona ngendlela yalo. Lokusakaza isikhunta kungaba ucansi, asexually noma vegetatively. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo uzozala siqu luthela lwabo lomusa. Okusho ukuthi, lapho cishe izindlela zonke ezaziwayo isayensi. Uma sicabangela imininingwane, nazi izici ezicashile. Ngakho, ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual isikhunta zenzeka mycelium. kuseli eyodwa yalesi ngentambo ungakheka umzimba owodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ukuqhubeka uhlanga," la magciwane ukudala izinqubo ezikhethekile - Izitho zokuzala. Ngo isikhunta, kubonakala ikakhulukazi esikhathini ezimanzi efudumele. Labo izakhi angakhula umzimba omusha, ngokuthi abaHlakazekile.

esiphelweni vegetative isikhunta

La magciwane singenzeka ngisho kusukela kuseli eyodwa, okuyinto abaHlakazekile. Ngokuvamile, ama-mycelium ahlukaniswa okuba lotimele. Nale ndlela yokuzala ayidingi umzimba. Ngo isikhunta kumane nje kuyingxenye mycelium ahlukaniswa ihlumela umzimba omkhulu, uma singakubeka kanjalo. Kulo bukhule. Ngisho eziyizimbangela ezinye izinhlobo zawo ungakheka oidii (izindikimba eliqhakazile izinqubo). Kulawa, elithi a umzimba olusha luvela. Lolu hlobo ushintsho kusuka ifomu vegetative ukuveza asexual. Ukuze ubone le nqubo ngokwemvelo kungenzeki. Konke kwenzeka enhlabathini (isimo lapho ekhula mycelium).

agamobium

Le nqubo usengozini. It wenziwa esebenzisa ezinhlamvu. Amancane kakhulu futhi ukukhanya. Musa ukucwila emanzini, eyalo umoya, unamathele noboya kwezilwane. Futhi ukuhamba. Kwake kwathi ngo-izimo ezifanele, ziqala ukukhula. Izingxabano zihlukaniswe yokuphumula futhi propagative, iselula ongasanyakazi. isikhunta Ngithobekile anemisila nolaka esiphelweni indlela. Basuke izimpawu kule mpikiswano ezihambayo, ifakwe msila. Abakwazi fly up ezinkulungwaneni amakhilomitha. ukukhiqizwa kabusha Asexual isikhunta, ukuze thina zijwayele, kusekhona impikiswano ngokusebenzisa. Nabo futhi, zihlukile. Ukuze kube lula, thina zibahlukanise ku endogenous futhi exogenous. Okokuqala kwakheka sporangium. Okunjalo ingxabano igobolondo obukhulu. Inani kuncike lwesimila fungal. Ezinye isikhunta babe spore eyodwa kuphela (conidia). Izindlela imfundo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngokwengxenye enkulu bona akhiwa at the amathiphu conidiophores.

syngenesis

Nalapha futhi, kunokwehluka. ukuzala isikhunta izophela ngezindlela ezahlukene ezihlobene ne ukwakheka zygote. Omunye wabo - gametogamiya. Le ndlela kuyinto ejwayelekile amakhowe ihlelwe aphansi. Lingachazwa njengendlela Fusion amaseli ezimbili (gametes). Olunye uhlobo, bamunye, kuyilapho abanye - ayahluka ngobukhulu. Ngisho gametes zihlukile in ukuhamba. Lokho ubunjalo 'ukuqeqesha' ku amakhowe, ukuthuthukisa iindlela zokukhiqiza. Kulezi zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, akukho oogamy bendabuko (amaseli amadoda nabesifazane fixed kanye mobile sika). ukuzala isikhunta angase athathe isimo gametogamii. Le ndlela kuyinto ejwayelekile eziphilayo ehleleke kakhulu. I ejwayelekile kakhulu ukuzala e isikhunta somatogamiya. Inqubo liqukethe yokuthi lezinhlamvu ziqhume bese uhlangane ezimvilophini, bese - nuclei. Kulawa, elithi a umzimba omusha eba.

mayelana amanita

Imfundiso Yiqiniso, ezithakazelisayo, kodwa ekuqondeni izinqubo kuyinto efiselekayo "uzizwe" isibonelo. Cabanga ukubuyabuyelela blewits. Ziyizinto singabona futhi uhlole. Iqiniso lokuthi abantu bayahlangana ukuze ukudla, ngokuthi izidumbu izithelo. Them mushrooms zikhule ukuze ahlele inqubo yokuzala. Ngo isayensi, bebizwa "Izidumbu spore." Zakhiwa ofeleba neziqu ukuthi kukhona izinyanda aminyene hyphae. Ezinhlamvu yilezi engxenyeni engenhla. I cap has linezingxenye ezimbili. Top - obukhulu, embozwe isikhumba ezinemibala. Ngaphansi ungqimba phansi ifihlekile. Olunye uhlobo, kuba ipuleti, kuyilapho abanye - tube. Kulesi ungqimba uhlezi ezinhlamvu. Ngokwesibonelo, Russula amakhowe akheke ipuleti, amakhowe birch luteus - ijabulise. Kulesi ungqimba ikhula ukuba ezinhlamvu. Bathulula enhlabathini, eyalo umoya noma izilwane, izinambuzane, amanzi. Ngakho uya inqubo yokuzala.

Kungani usike amakhowe, hhayi ukudonsa

Njengoba abantu ukuqoqa "Izidumbu spore," khona-ke engazi iphazamise inqubo kabusha la magciwane. Uma nje ukuthatha "esikhwameni imbewu," ukhunta sikhule esisha. Eqinisweni, likhulu kakhulu futhi kudala hhayi elilodwa "Izidumbu zika-sporulation." Abaningi Futhi lapho sihlukanisa liqhakaze noma boletus, libanga umonakalo omkhulu kuya mycelium (Mushroom uqobo). Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthi ayibuyisele. Kungase kwenzeke ukuthi ngeke ukukhula endaweni. Ngakho-ke, kufanele unqume ngokucophelela stem, ngakho njengoba masingoni mycelium.

kumnandzi

Ososayensi uzifunde ngokucophelela lezi. Azizange nje watch eziningi ukuhlola okwenziwa inqola i nabo. Ezinye zazo shí ukushaqeka. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abacwaningi Japanese baye baphetha ngokuthi kunengqondo ophuzi imvubelo ezaziwayo. Bona wenza inhlolo-vo lapho umzimba uphoqelekile ukuba ikhulele "uxhaxha" lapho ushukela bafihlekile. Kwavela ukuthi ophuzi isikhunta "kukhumbula" indlela lapho esengena okukhona. Scion ethathwe lokhu umzimba, ezikhulayo ngqo endaweni lapho ushukela kwaba! Kodwa lokhu kumane nje mushroom elula, vegetatively okusakazwa.