Hypersonic "Isihloko 4202" futhi ukuhlolwa yayo

"Into ye 4202" - uphawu iphrojekthi entsha Russian emkhakheni yesimanje lempi hypersonic indiza izimoto (LA). Ngokusho onegunya izikhungo kohlaziyo ngamazwe, ukuqaliswa yayo ngempumelelo kungase iwukudambisa izinzuzo emkhakheni izikhali amasu, okuyinto US uhlose ukuthola elaseRussia ngenxa ukuthunyelwa global uhlelo missile ukuzivikela.

Njengoba oluthathwa by indiza ngesivinini sendiza

LA e ijubane layo uma igijima izici zihlukaniswe Subsonic, leSupersonic futhi hypersonic. Kulokhu, ijubane indiza yabo ngokuvamile wezwakalisa njengoba nenani dimensionless, t amaningi. Ngokuthi. inombolo Mach, ngokuthi ngemva physics Austrian Ernsta Maha futhi okhonjiswe nge incwadi inombolo M. Latin Mach kuyinto dimensionless futhi lula singachazwa ngokuthi isilinganiso Isivinini indiza ngesivinini umsindo emoyeni ngesikhathi kokuwa inikezwe. Ngakho-ke, ijubane indiza e 1 M (noma M = 1) Kusho ukuthi-ke oluhamba ngesivinini umsindo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuphakama Isivinini umsindo incipha, ngakho ukubaluleka 1 M at eziphakeme ezahlukene kumelwe ilingane namanani ahlukene, obonakaliswe km / h. Ngakho, e-value isivinini phansi oluhambisana M 1 1 224 km / h futhi endaweni engamamitha 11 km - 1.062 km / h.

Supersonic izindiza Isivinini singadluli ukubaluleka 5 M (noma M = 5), kanye fly hypersonic ngesivinini ngenhla nje 5 M. Nokho, bakwazi futhi bethonya usebenzisa ezivela ngesikhathi indiza e air force sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza, futhi uhlelo ibanga, inkulu kakhulu kunangendlela ngesivinini dogiperzvukovyh.

Physical ngabodwa base izindiza hypersonic

Border M 5 phakathi izindiza leSupersonic futhi hypersonic kungukuthi akhethwa ithuba. Iqiniso lokuthi lapho sizama ukufinyelela leli jubane kushintsha kakhulu ubunjalo izinqubo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza kanye ashukumisayo ngokulandelana eduze umzimba izindiza futhi ngaphakathi jet yayo injini. Okokuqala, ungqimba umngcele emoyeni egeleza emhlabeni izindiza, ngesivinini 5 M sekuqala ukufudumala kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane eziningana degree lokushisa (ikakhulukazi engxenyeni frontal indiza), bese uqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ku ion (ubuhlobo) igesi molecule kufakwe emoyeni. Physico-chemical izakhiwo le igesi ionized kuhluke kakhulu kulezo umoya evamile, avame ukungena ukusabela ikhemikhali kobuso izindiza, kukhona okukhulu emisebeni futhi Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows ukudluliswa ukushisa phakathi kwaso egeleza emhlabeni ukugeleza. Ngakho-ke, i-LA ukushisa isihlangu kufanele kungabi kubi kunokwakuqala American "okomkhathi" noma eSoviet "Buran".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindiza hypersonic jet injini kudingeka umklamo ekhetheke kakhulu ukuthi ayibukeki njengegama zezinhlobo ezaziwayo. Iqiniso lokuthi e izinjini ezithile izindiza leSupersonic izindiza Isivinini ukugeleza air eyanele emkhathini ngesikhathi kumiswa ingxube emoyeni-fuel is nakanjani sehliselwe Subsonic (kungenjalo akunakwenzeka ukubamba umoya ukungena lemali oyifunayo uphethiloli). Indiza hypersonic kuyinto nokwehlisa komoya izinga Akwamukelekile - ngenxa umthetho amandla ukuguqulwa imbangela okweqile izici injini design, akakwazi ukubhekana noma iyiphi impahla eyaziwa.

umklamo Izici

Engine izindiza hypersonic (e samuntu elula) afana funnels ezimbili okushiwo, enye yazo ukhonza njengomdala itheku emoyeni (ewumngcingo ingxenye uhlobo compressor, ngokuhlanganiswa injector uphethiloli futhi ukhonza njengesisebenzi egumbini amandla omlilo), futhi uphondo yesibili - a umlomo wombhobho ukuze ophumayo yamagesi wokushiswa, ukudala izifiso. Lokhu injini zingafakwa nje ngaphansi fuselage kwendiza, okuyinto kwakha umfanekiso othile izimoto hypersonic.

Nokho, nenjini enjalo awukwazi ukusebenza ngesivinini esingaphansi 5-6 M, njengoba ukusakaza onomfutho omane sekuqala ukufudumala okushisa ezidingekile amandla omlilo ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, indlela enengqondo kunazo ukuhlakaza izindiza hypersonic ngejubane oyifunayo ekuqaleni injini (okungenani esigabeni samanje) ukusebenzisa rocket namafutha-separable njengoba esigabeni sokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi isebenzise inhlanganisela ne kundiza namafutha. Esithombeni kukhonjisiwe ngezansi izindiza hypersonic American X-52, fixed ngaphansi iphiko webhomu amasu B-52.

Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe izindiza art hypersonic e-US

kudala US waqala ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha izikhali okuhlaselayo. Okokuqala, lokhu izindiza hypersonic. Ngakho, njengengxenye DARPA Falcon Project Project lakhiwa rocket glider esiqokiwe HTV-2, kanye namaphrojekthi izimoto hypersonic corporation Boeing (X-43, ama-X-51) ifakwe a izinjini ramjet njengalena esithombeni ngenhla. Ziyakwazi ithwale sezikhali nesisindo 450 kg, okungaba kokubili sezikhali zenuzi namabhomu ivolumu ukuqhuma amandla elakhelene kungaba avikelwe KP isitha ababhubhise.

Boeing X-51 iphrojekthi azokwazi ngesivinini kuze kufinyelele 6400 km / h. Ngokokuqala ngqá kule yunithi iziphakamisile emoyeni ngoMeyi 2010. Kwakukhona isiqalo ezimbili akuphumelelanga, yaphela ngokubhujiswa kwalesi glider. Ngemva ukuhlukana idivayisi izindiza yenethiwekhi ngesivinini booster olwengeziwe, senziwa ngesisekelo yezikhali ezicitshwayo ezempi kanye Tactical. Kuphela lapho efika ijubane 5400 km / h esitshalweni ukwenqena motor kwendiza, okuyinto ngesivinini ukuze cruise velocity.

Yini silahlekelwe ngentuthuko Soviet hypersonic

Yiqiniso, iRussia yayinabantu ukuze aphebeze yalolu songo. Namuhla ukuthuthukiswa Soviet ezifanele alethwe engqondweni. In the 80s kwekhulu elidlule esasinawo ngentuthuko eziphambili kule ndawo futhi ngisho umkhiqizo osuphelile - indiza rocket X-90 iphrojekthi "Gala". Ngokusho kochwepheshe, X-90 wethulwa ngempumelelo endizeni ngokukhethekile aguqulelwe le njongo, futhi asheshisa ukuba 5400 km / h, okuyinto umngcele hypersonic. Kodwa kwabe sekufika u the "Liberals esibusisekile 90", futhi ukwakhiwa kwaleso sikhungo kwamiswa.

ERussia ephendula "Washington"

Muva nje, lo odumile waseBrithani lempi ucwaningo centre Janes Imininingwane Group banyathelisa ukwaziswa ngoFebhuwari wangonyaka ofile eRussia ngaleso indawo "Dombarovsky" (Orenburg esifundeni.) Olwenziwe indiza ukuhlolwa kwendiza hypersonic ngaphansi kophawu U-71 (Yu-71). Into 4202, okuyinto, ngokusho isikhungo esifanayo, iwuphawu generalized sayo yonke intuthuko hypersonic Russian kuyingxenye yohlelo missile.

Kodwa imiyalo yakhe lokuhlelekile umkhakha akuzona uMnyango neMpi, futhi Federal Space Agency, okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje akuyona ezingaphezu kuka "ikhava" yalo msebenzi. Shona OCD oyiculayo efanayo "Into 4202" kuyinto "NPO Engineering" kusukela eMoscow Reutova (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo-rocket KB umklami jikelele uVladimir Chelomeya owawungumnyaka main kunjiniyela cruise ezicitshwayo zebanga naphakathi ezicitshwayo ballistic eU.SSR).

By the way, indawo yalesi inkampani liqukethe ulwazi ukuthi ngasekupheleni 50-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule ku KB sidalwe LA MP-1, uyakwazi ukwenza emkhathini ngosizo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza control ngomuthi ngesivinini hypersonic. Ukwethulwa ngempumelelo ke kwenziwa ngo-1961! Ngakho kwengqikithi ethi "into 4202" linomlando omude.

Amathemba Russian "hypersonic"

Kusukela imithombo eminingana it is ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kowezi-2000, iRussia uqalile umsebenzi "hypersonic zamabutho 'uya U-71 ukusetha umkhiqizo abazoshada missile ballistic" Sarmat "ezaziwayo. Entsha Russian into leSupersonic 4202 Ingasheshisa a ijubane 11,000 km / h futhi nikwazi ukuthwala warhead ezivamile noma zenuzi. Lapho ama-apharathasi angaqondisa a velocities omkhulu, kuyilapho emkhathini endaweni engamamitha angu-40 kuya ku-50. Ngakho-ke, asikwazi ingavimbelwa izinhlelo missile ukuzivikela yakamuva.

Nakuba sezikhali yesimanje ye InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic futhi ukufinyelela isivinini hypersonic zindiza, kodwa trajectory isivuno ukubala, futhi kungakho kungenzeka ukucabhela missile izindawo ukuzivikela. Umkhiqizo kuyafana U-71 (into 4202) iyakhona, ngokuphambene, a wazijika eziyinkimbinkimbi inkambo ezingalindelekile, ukushintsha Yiqiniso futhi ukuphakama ukuze cishe akunakwenzeka nokunciphisa.

Kulokhu, kunesizathu ukuphetha ngokuthi ukuhlolwa into yokuqala 4202 lidlule ngo-2004. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke iphini induna Jikelele Abasebenzi Russian Armed Forces Yuri Baluyevsky kubika esithangamini nabezindaba ku hypersonic izindiza test, wajika ngenkambo futhi engamamitha.

"Into ye 4202": ogwini Melika ku hypersonic

I cindezela waseMelika asabela ngayo ukuhlolwa Russian we glider hypersonic. amaphephandaba amaningi obala wakhuluma iqiniso lokuthi isu US Yazisa Strike Global manje ine nesincintisana sína. Uma iphrojekthi "Impahla 4202" operation kuzophothulwa ngempumelelo eminyakeni 10 Russia uzothola sina "trump ikhadi" ezingxoxweni ne-US. Iqiniso liwukuthi ebukhoneni izindiza hypersonic uzobe okuqinisekisiwe hit yimuphi target e-United States missile eyodwa nje. Ngokwesibonelo, "Sarmat" efanayo, okuyinto uzobe izindiza ifakiwe, elaklanywa "Into 4202". Hypersound e isivinini indiza elawula amakhono plus uhlobo olusha izindiza - lawa izimfanelo zale isikhali entsha, okuyinto angenza lutho udoti cwe kwemithombo ukwakha US missile isimiso sokuzivikela.