Homer: Biography emfushane futhi ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Homer, ogama biography manje abanesifiso eziningi - imbongi lokuqala ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, omisebenzi yakhe ezisekhona. Namuhla, yena kubhekwa omunye izimbongi Europe wonke. Nokho, phezu Homer kungekho ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa khona. Noma kunjalo, thina uzame ukubuyisela okungenani Imibandela, yomlando wakhe, esekelwe ulwazi olutholakala.

Yini igama Homer?

Igama elithi "Homer" kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ekhulwini 7th. BC. e. Yayibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi Kallin Efessky njengoba umdali "Thebaid". Inani igama baye bazama ukuchaza ezinsukwini zasendulo. Sinikeza kukho okulandelayo: "abayizimpumputhe" (Ephorus), "Landela" (u-Aristotle), "kalowo" (Gesihy). Nokho, abacwaningi banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi they are eqinisweni njengoba akukholisi njengoba isiphakamiso abanye ososayensi imnika okushiwo "accompanist" noma "slagatel". Ngokuqinisekile izwi igama umuntu langempela njengoba injalo ionic.

Ngivelaphi Homer?

Biography imbongi kungenziwa kuphela kabusha ngombandela. Lokhu kusebenza ngisho endaweni lokuzalwa zikaHomer, okuyinto ayikaziwa. emadolobheni Seven baye balwela ilungelo ukuba yendawo azalelwa kuyo: Chios, eSmirna, eSalami isigcino, Argos, Rhodes Athens. Kungenzeka ukuthi "Odyssey" futhi "Iliad" zadalwa kwi-Asia coast Minor yaseGrisi, okuyinto lalakhiwe ngesikhathi izizwe zakwa-Ionian. Futhi mhlawumbe lezi zinkondlo awabhalwanga ezinye eziqhingini ezizungezile. lwesigodi Homeric Nokho, akazange anike yiluphi ulwazi eqondile mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo isizwe kwakungekaNkulunkulu Homer, ogama biography kuseyimpicabadala. Kuyinto inhlanganisela aeolian ionic ezilimi eziyimixhantela futhi ngesiGreki. Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi uhlobo kwakhiwa eside ngaphambi isiKoine Homer sika senkondlo.

kungakhathaliseki Homer iyimpumputhe?

Homer - imbongi engumGreki, ogama biography seliphinde lakhiwa eziningi, ezisukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ungaphandle kwazo yena ngokwesiko ukuboniswa abayizimpumputhe. Nokho, cishe, kungcono umqondo kuba kabusha uhlobo ejwayelekile ka biography lasendulo, hhayi ngokusekelwe amaqiniso angempela mayelana uHomer. Njengoba abaningi singers edume nabaprofethi beniyizimpumputhe (ngokukhethekile, Tiresias), ngokuvumelana nala endulo, ngokuxhumanisa isipho asankondlo lesiprofetho, ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi Homer esiyimpumputhe, ke esasibonakala sinengqondo.

iminyaka Homer zokuphila

chronographs Antique kwehluke ekunqumeni isikhathi lapho Homer wahlala. Umlobi, ogama biography sikhathazeka, kungase kudale imisebenzi yabo eminyakeni ezahlukene. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ayephila yaseTroy neMpi, okungukuthi, abahlala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12. BC. e. Nokho, uHerodotus umangalele ukuthi Homer wahlala emhlabeni phakathi nekhulu lesi-9. BC. e. Ososayensi of namuhla sithambekele uphola imisebenzi yayo le 8 noma lesi-7 BC. e. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba isikhala ephilayo main kuboniswa Chios noma kwenye esifundeni Ionia, esisogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Asia Minor.

lokusungula Homer

Homer endulo, ngaphandle "The Odyssey" futhi "Iliad", okuthiwa ashiwo ubuqambi nezinye izinkondlo ezimbalwa. Kuze kube namuhla walondoloza izingxenyana eziningana zazo. Nokho, namuhla, kunenkolelo yokuthi yabhalelwa ngumlobi, owayehlala umhla uHomer. Lena inkondlo yamahlaya "Margaret", "Homeric Hymn" nabanye.

Ngokusobala, "Odyssey" futhi "Iliad" yabhalwa ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ezenzakalweni ezichazwe misebenzi. Nokho yokudalwa kungenziwa sangomhla hhayi ngaphambi 6th ekhulwini BC. e., lapho khona kwabo nje kukodwa ukuthi thembeke eqoshiwe. Ngakho, Homer ukuphila akunakubangelwa kwesikhathi kusuka 12 kuya ku-7 leminyaka BC. e. Nokho, usuku lwakamuva iyona cishe kunazo.

I Duel phakathi Hesiod kanye ne-Homer

Yini enye eningayenza usitshele le mbongi omkhulu, uHomer? Biography izingane ngokuvamile aliyinikezi Nokho, leli phuzu, kukhona isiko Duel olusankondlo labetibambile phakathi Hesiod kanye ne-Homer. Kwakuthinta echazwe encwadini, kungakadluli 3 wadala. BC. e. (Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngisemncane kakhulu). Ibizwa ngokuthi "Umncintiswano we uHomer Hesiod." Lisitshela ukuthi uma izimbongi ababehlangana kulelo imidlalo behlonipha Amfidema olwenziwe mayelana. Euboea. Lapha zazithandaza izinkondlo zabo engcono. Ijaji ngesikhathi mncintiswano wayeyiNkosi Paneda. Ukunqoba waklonyeliswa-Hesiod, ngoba wabiza ukuthula nezolimo, hhayi ukuba ahlabe impi. Nokho, kuyinto ohlangothini zikaHomer babe uzwela izilaleli.

Komlando "Odyssey" futhi "Iliad"

Ngo isayensi, phakathi nekhulu le-19 umbono ovamile wokuthi i-"Odyssey" futhi "Iliad" - umsebenzi alinembile ngokomlando. Nokho, inqatshelwe ekumbeni Genriha Shlimana, okuyinto wachitha Mycenae futhi egqumeni Hissarlik e 1870-80-yalolucwaningo. Ukutholakala kwemilingo Abavubukuli wafakazela ukuthi Mycenae, uTroy kanye Achaean lenqaba babukhona nakwa ngokoqobo. Abaphila Besikhathi ahlaselwa usosayensi German uthola izincwadi zalo kule 4 etendeni ethuneni, elise Mykonos, wenza Homer izincazelo. Kamuva, amadokhumenti ezindala zaseGibhithe naseSiriya umHeti engaphambi usukela parallel izenzakalo yaseTroy neMpi atholakele. Ulwazi oluningi mayelana nezenzo izinkondlo uma sinikwa isikhathi efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo lokubhala syllabic Mycenaean. Nokho, le misebenzi zikaHomer ne-documentary nemivubukulo imithombo etholakalayo zihlobene ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi abakwazi ke ingasetshenziswa uncritically. Iqiniso lokuthi e isiko lolu hlobo ukuhlanekezela enkulu idatha yomlando kumele kwenzeke.

UHomer ohlelweni lwezemfundo, mbumbulu Homer

Uhlelo yesiGreki imfundo, eyasungulwa ekupheleni kwenkathi classical, yayisekelwe Ukutadisha lokusungula, uHomer. inkondlo yakhe ngekhanda liphelele noma liyingxenye, ezihlokweni bona banelekisiwe aphindaphinde, nokunye. D. Kamuva, Rome waboleka lesi simiso. Lapha, kusukela 1st ekhulwini BC. e. Homer salandelwa Virgil. Elikhulu izinkondlo gekzametricheskie zadalwa zangenkathi Postclassic ngolimi yombhali lwesiGreki sakuqala, kanye umncintiswano noma belingisa "Odyssey" futhi "Iliad". Njengoba ubona, abantu abaningi abanesifiso lokusungula futhi biography of Homer. okuqukethwe Omfushane imisebenzi yakhe yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo imisebenzi abalobi abaningi ababehlala eRoma lasendulo. Phakathi kwabo abhalwe Apollonius of Rhodes 'Argonautica ", umkhiqizo Nonna Panopolitanskogo" The Adventures of Dionysus "futhi Quintus eSmirna" Poslegomerovskie izenzakalo. " Eqaphela izinzuzo uHomer nezinye izimbongi yaseGrisi yasendulo ukuba uyeke ukudala ifomu ezinkulu yeqhawe. Babekholelwa ukuthi ukuphelela nasici bungatholakala kuphela umsebenzi encane.

ithonya Homer ku izincwadi emazweni ahlukahlukene

Ezincwadini Roman, imisebenzi yakuqala lokusinda (Nokho kusele izingxenyana) kwaba ukuhumusha "The Odyssey". Ngimnike ungumGreki Liviy Andronik. Qaphela ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko we izincwadi Ancient Rome - the "Aeneid" Virgil - ezincwadini zokuqala eziyisithupha kuyinto belingisa "Odyssey", futhi esikhathini esidlule eziyisithupha - ". Iliad" Cishe yonke imisebenzi endulo, ungakwazi siqonde kwethonya izinkondlo ukuthi wadala, uHomer.

Biography kanye nomsebenzi abanesifiso kuye, futhi baseByzantium. Kuleli zwe, uHomer uzifunde ngokucophelela. Kuze kube manje, eziningi zemibhalo yesandla WaseByzantium izinkondlo zakhe atholakele. Emisebenzini endala, kuba engakaze ibonwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi baye wadala imibono zaseByzantium scholia ukuba Homer, ihlanganiswe futhi eloba izinkondlo zakhe. amavolumu Seven kuthatha Amazwana-Archbishop Eustache kubo. imibhalo yesandla yesiGreki yoMbuso WaseByzantium neminyaka yokugcina, bese olwalandela ukuphahlazeka wafika West. Ngakho-ke itholwe Homer Renaissance inkathi.

Umlando omfushane imbongi, wadala yithi, ishiya imibuzo kungalungiswanga eziningi. Bonke ndawonye bakha Homeric Umbuzo. Kanjani ukuyixazulula abacwaningi ezahlukene? Asivume.

umbuzo Homeric

Namanje olufanele Umbuzo Homeric. Lokhu iqoqo izinkinga ezihlobana zabhalwa "The Odyssey" futhi "Iliad", kanye ubuntu umdali wabo. pluralists abaningi, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi lezi zinkondlo ungekho ifomu zendalo zikaHomer, okuyinto, njengoba abaningi becabanga kanjalo, wayengekho. Bathi ukudalwa 6 leminyaka BC. e. Lezi ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izinkondlo zadalwa, cishe e-Athens, lapho iculo abalobi abahlukahlukene, eyadluliselwa isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, zibuthelwe ndawonye futhi phansi. Unitarians, kunalokho, walivikela ubunye compositional imisebenzi Homer, futhi kungakho ubunjalo umdali wabo.

Homer

Epics nombhali yamaGreki asendulo - genius, imisebenzi elingenakuqhathaniswa art. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, abazange elahlekile incazelo ejulile nokuhlobana. Izindaba nokukodwa inkondlo nomunye ethathwe umjikelezo yehlukene kaningi okubalwa futhi olubanzi legends esebenzelana nabaseBhabhiloni iThrojani neMpi. "The Odyssey" futhi "Iliad" amelela kuphela isiqephu elincane kulolu chungechunge. Kafushane elichaza mikhiqizo, kokuqeda indaba yethu le ndoda izokwenzani yona enkulu njengempi, uHomer. Poet, biography iDemo okwaxoxwa ngalo lapho, uye wadala umkhiqizo iyingqayizivele ngempela.

"Iliad"

Likhuluma izenzakalo konyaka 10th iThrojani neMpi. Inkondlo iphela ngokufa nokungcwatshwa iqhawe main iThrojani Hector. ngentuthuko Mayelana ngokwengeziwe impi akatsheli imbongi lasendulo ngesiGreki Homer, biography kabani iDemo ethulwa ngenhla.

War - kuchungechunge olukhulu kule nkondlo, element eyinhloko izinhlamvu zawo. Omunye isici umsebenzi wukuthi impi uvezwa izimpi ngokuvamile hhayi njengoba olunegazi uquqaba, futhi impi ngamunye izinhlamvu okuyinto abonise amandla ezehlukile, isibindi, ikhono kanye nokukhuthazela. Phakathi izimpi bungabonakala Duel ukhiye baka-Achilles futhi Hector. Martial Diomedes Agamemnon futhi kuchazwe Menelaüs kancane zobuqhawe imiva. elikhanyayo kakhulu ku "Iliad" wachaza imikhuba, amasiko kanye izici zokuziphatha wokuphila, isimilo nokuphila ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo.

"The Odyssey"

Singasho ukuthi umkhiqizo sinzima ngaphezulu kakhulu 'Iliad. " Kuyo sithola a lot of izici, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku, kuphenyisiswe kusukela umbono ezincwadi. Kulesi inkondlo yeqhawe ikakhulu ukhuluma lokubuyela Ithaca emva iThrojani neMpi, Odysseus usuphothuliwe.

Ukuphetha, imisebenzi zikaHomer - a kuyinqolobane yokuhlakanipha yaseGrisi yasendulo abantu. Yimaphi amanye amaqiniso angase abe nesithakazelo kuwo indoda efana Homer? Umlando iDemo izingane kanye nabantu abadala ngokuvamile liqukethe ulwazi ukuthi kwaba umxoxi wezindaba temlomo, ukuthi akusiyona eyakho incwadi. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, izinkondlo zakhe kukhona wekhono okusezingeni eliphezulu yokuhlabelela olusankondlo, bathola ubunye. "The Odyssey" futhi "Iliad" babe izici isici, enye yazo isitayela yeqhawe. ithoni Aged we lelandzisako, ukuhlolisisa unhurried, umnqopho isithombe ephelele, kancane ukuthuthukiswa itulo - lawa izici sici imisebenzi wadala uHomer. Umlando omfushane imbongi, ithemba kwavusa isithakazelo sakho emsebenzini wakhe.