(Ekamu lokuhlushwa) Treblinka: umlando. ISikhumbuzo Treblinka

Treblinka - ekamu lokuhlushwa eduze Warsaw (ePoland), lapho esikhathini kusuka ngo-1942 kuya 1943, amaNazi wabhubhisa labantu abangamaJuda base alithatha izwe. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kukhona babulawa amadoda ayisishiyagalombili likhulu lamawaka, futhi iningi labo - amaJuda. Manje ngalabo zehlakalo ezimbi okusikhumbuza yisikhumbuzo kukhunjulwa izisulu ezingenacala Kwesizwe.

Obhusha eqhutshwa imodi ekusithekeni: azungezwe ikhilomitha elilodwa kude nekamu wafakwa ezokuphepha, ukuvula umlilo ubani oweza isikhundla eduze. abasebenzi sesitimela nakwezempi wokugada ngohide babengavunyelwe ekamu nesijeziso sokufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho izindiza Luftwaffe ayenqatshelwe fly kulezi izixhumanisi.

AmaJuda Poland

Poland - ezweni lapho umphakathi omkhulu lamaJuda elalingaphansi bagxila. Ngu ekuqaleni kweJalimane abantu bakhona kwaba nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ososayensi oluvelele, othisha, abaculi - akekho ngizisole umshini kaHitler.

Ezinye Bebona ingozi ngesikhathi iyiswe endaweni ye-USSR futhi Belarus, enye ingxenye wabalekela Vilnius. Ngakho, seHhovisi amaNazi ku 1 Septhemba 1939 eminyakeni (usuku bamba lasePoland) kwesokunxele amaJuda 2 million. Bonke abangu ngaphansi "isixazululo sokugcina." Kakade 21 Septhemba wayeya nethimba, eye wanquma ukwenza ukubhuka, lapho amaJuda asuka ezifundeni ezinabantu uzobe bagxila.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Poland kudala ghettos ezintathu - izindawo ezikhethekile lapho amaNazi ibekwe emaJudeni. Ukuphila ghetto - a indlala, izifo, nokuswela nokululazeka. Kodwa akazange ukuxazulula inkinga yembubhiso. Ngakho kukhona icebo ezinkulukazi - okubizwa ngokuthi i-Operation Reinhard, ngaleso Selilonke futhi ababhubhisa endaweni, kuhlanganise ekamu lokuhlushwa Treblinka. La maJuda bathunyelwa ikakhulu kusukela Warsaw Ghetto. Kodwa sizobe ukuchaza ngezansi.

Umlando sokudalwa

Lapho yayakhiwe Treblinka? ekamu lokuhlushwa, omlando wakhe sad ngakho, uqala khona ngo-1942. Ngu oda Reichsführer Genriha Gimmlera ngo-April 17 waqala ukwakhiwa kwamakamu nokuqothulwa. Abantu Abadala Abavuthiwe waqokwa Aripadi Wigand - umbusi wamaNazi Warsaw.

Ngemva ngesinqumo ukubambezeleka bureaucratic, ngasekupheleni May waqala ukwakhiwa, futhi ngo-22 kuVelabahlinze umnyaka lo, ekamu lokuhlushwa lokuqala Treblinka wathatha amaJuda Warsaw. Ekuqaleni engajabule hhayi baqothulwe ezifana izinombolo okwethusayo, kodwa ngokushesha, ngo-October 1942, ngemva ukwakhiwa ezengeziwe igesi emakamelweni nezindawo zokushisa izidumbu, umshini Infernal umsebenzi ekubhujisweni force okugcwele.

Wasinda Treblinka (ekamu lokuhlushwa) kuze 1943. Izinto zashintsha lapho ukuvukela kwakuqale labaseminyakeni ekamu iziboshwa, ngemva kwalokho-ke indawo okwesabisayo iqedwe.

ingqalasizinda

akazange kule ndawo esebenza kanjani? Njengoba amaNazi wakwazi abhubhise noma izinkulungwane esisodwa sabantu: abesifazane, izingane nasebekhulile? I izingoma lwezinqola amabili, aminyene, waphuma masinyane ekubhujisweni esinobuthi. By the way, uchaza d / f kahle "Treblinka" lezi zikhathi, okuvumela ukuba shí Ukwesabeka kwakho okwenzekayo.

Cabanga isakhiwo Treblinka. Ngakho, ngo-80 km kusuka Warsaw enkundleni, amakhilomitha amane ukusuka edolobhaneni igama elifanayo, iyindawo lapho amaJuda Polish kwalethwa isijeziso. insimu enkulu 24 amahektha iye ebiyelwe imitha emithathu kocingo of ngocingo oluhlabayo, olwethulwa voltage okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emseleni imitha emithathu - i indlela yokuvikela ngokumelene okubuyela emuva. , Insimu yona esiyingini aphume ehlathini. Ukuze bekamu baya ujantshi legatsha, lapho kwenqatshelwe futhi zilethwe.

Leli kamu lahlukaniswa. Esikhathini sokuqala (Treblinka 1) bagxila iziboshwa, ukuhlinzeka ingxenye ingqalasizinda ekamu. Yiqiniso, iningi okuthiwa "ekamu okufukuzwa" laliyindawo kancane ukufa izingozi. Esesibili - Treblinka 2 - okuhloswe kuphela lokubulala amaJuda. On indawo kwalo undressing emabhalekisini, igesi amakamelo zokulothisa kanye imigodi ukwenze ngenjongo yokungilungiselela ukungcwatshwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapha ukuze siphile okubizwa ngokuthi Sonderkommando - amaJuda bakhethwa ukuba babe ukubulawa. Njalo ngezikhathi ezithile, bashintsha ( "ubudala" Sonderkommando kwakwenziwa imihlatshelo).

Treblinka - ekamu lokuhlushwa, owakhonza 30 amasosha SS, ngaphezu, waletha Ukraine, neziboshwa zempi, emiswa isitha. Wamiswa Usigaxamabhande Franz Stengel. Ngemva kwempi, wagwetshwa udilikajele.

iziboshwa ezingu-Famous: J. Korczak

Ukuphila kwabantu abaningi amangalelwe Treblinka. Lokuhlushwa uye wayencisha izwe kanye nabantu abadumile. Kube washona pedagogue enkulu Polish, nombhali "Inhliziyo kunikezwa izingane," UJanusz Korczak. Izingane kwadingeka konke ukuphila kwakhe, futhi lapho amaNazi liqala ukubusa, Korczak anakekela ngazo zonke izindlela abafundi babo - Abantwana bakwa Izintandane Ikhaya. Okokuqala, ghetto, futhi kamuva Treblinka.

Babefuna londoloza, ukuthatha aphume ghetto, ngemva kwayo kwaba khona elinye ithuba - Korczak akulungele off imoto ethunyiwe Warsaw ezinsukwini zokugcina -Treblinku yokuphumula. Wenqaba. Heroically Korczak wahamba izingane esinobuthi, baduduze izingane, ekhuthaza amadala.

S. Pullman: umculi bahlukunyezwa

Simon Pullman - i umculi ovelele uthisha - omunye okuphila kwakhe usike Treblinka iDemo. Abantu ababesekamu lokuhlushwa kwaba esiteshini sokugcina ngemva ukuphila e Warsaw ghetto ngaye. Kube edala orchestra Symphonic, bese kanye abaculi nabo abashone egumbini elinegesi nokulapho. Ukuze ezithile usuku nokufa umculi ezingaziwa, kanye izenzakalo ezandulela ke.

Uprising ngo-1943

Ngo-1943, i-emakamu okufa futhi ghettos ithumba wave olwathatha. Cishe, umfutho ngesihluku ukuyiveza ukuvukela ku Warsaw ghetto. Nakuba iziboshwa futhi waqonda ubuthakathaka bakhe kuqhathaniswa German wempi, babethanda afele wokulwela inkululeko.

Ukuvukela e Treblinka waqale awusona isehluleki. Ngempela, angenza zabasebenzi kanye isiphelile indlala amadoda elokhe ephethe pickaxes namafosholo, namalunga enkambu izibhamu? Nokho, iziboshwa waya ngamabomu kulo.

Kwakubhapathizwa okuthiwa "Operation 1005". Ngemva kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa isitimela sokugcina kwamaJuda kusukela ngo-Warsaw amaNazi kwadingeka njengoba ngokucophelela ngangokunokwenzeka ukufihla iminonjana amacala abo. Iziboshwa 1,000 asele baphoqeleka ukuba umbe ngaseziseleni okwafa wangcwatshwa futhi bashise izidumbu isigamu-sesibolile.

Kancane kancane kuza ukugcwaliseka engajabule ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho usuqedile, kwakuyodingeka ukuba abulawe kanjalo. Yavela kanjalo-ke umbono wokuhlubuka. Phakathi ekamu mutiny zasha cishe ngokuphelele. Iningi leziboshwa ladutshulwa ngenkathi kuzanywa ukubaleka, abanye babanjwa emahlathini, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ukuqedela lo msebenzi, futhi, wadutshulwa. ezimbalwa kuphela wakwazi ukubaleka. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Samuweli Willenberg.

USamuweli Willenberg - omunye abasindile

Serendipitously akazange kuncisha ukuphila Samuila Villenberga Treblinka. Lokuhlushwa (esithombeni sakhe ungabona esihlokweni), lapho afika khona ngo omunye izitimela, nje zazizwakala ziyinqaba kuSamuweli. Ngakho wayemlalela iseluleko omunye greeters ukubizwa ngokuthi njengoba ongumakhi. Ngakho, yaba yedwa owasinda izinkulungwane esasizobhujiswa ukwakheka yakhe.

Wayehlala Treblinka, enza ezihlukahlukene umsebenzi, ezintweni sorter amalungu Sonderkommando. Escape Willenberg okwabahambela - edutshulwa emlenzeni, kodwa wakwazi ukubaleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho uSamuweli yathola uyise ephila futhi bajoyine ngomshoshaphansi. Washona ekupheleni Februwari 2016. Willenberg yashiya incwadi ka Umlando, "The Rise of Treblinka."

isikhumbuzo

Lokho manje Treblinka (ekamu lokuhlushwa)? Memorial esizeni esesabisayo okubulala amabutho ukukhumbula konke ezethusayo Kwesizwe. It lavulwa ngo-1964. Kuyinto lesikhumbuzo, nasemaceleni ayizinkulungwane 17 amatshe - ongokomfanekiso. Yilokho isibalo sabantu ngizoqothulwa ekamu ngesikhathi.

Indawo liletha umuzwa onamandla ikakhulukazi, lapho ngo-1943, washisa izidumbu - a komzila ezimbalwa, lukhuni futhi camera nge ungqimba black umule.

Ngo elifanayo 1964 Treblinka, wavula i-Museum of inkumbulo izisulu nobuNazi.