Efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi e abadala (bheka ithebula). ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali igazi ezinganeni: ukusebenza, izinga

Wonke umuntu ufuna ukwazi ukuthi unakho ngempilo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona uhlelo of ukuhlolwa laboratory, okuyizinto ngezinga elikhulu qiniseko Kungathiwani ngesimo sangempela isiguli. Phakathi ezivamile kungenziwa ngokuthi ukuhlaziya kwamakhemikhali kwegazi. Ngo abadala kanye nezingane, lokhu ukuhlolwa laboratory kungase kubonise khona izifo kufihlwe futhi uyonikeza ithuba ukwaziswa mayelana nesimo se-impilo uwonke.

Lolu hlobo lokucwaninga kakhulu. It hhayi kuphela osiza ekuboneni ukuthi ungubani yisiphi isifo, kodwa futhi inikeza ulwazi ngalokho amavithamini, amaminerali kanye nezinye izinto ezibalulekile entula umzimba womuntu. Isikhathi esining impela, lo samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo okwenzeka ukuhlaziywa wegazi (ukusebenza amazinga, emagama latayelekile zonke udokotela) inikezwa ukuthola izifo emathunjini, uhlelo genitourinary, izinkinga gynecological kanye Oncology okusolwayo.

Kodwa ungacabangi ukuthi lolu hlobo ukuhlolwa igazi inikezwa kuphela ngaphansi izikhalazo ezithile. Ngisho noma isiguli azizwa eyanelisayo, igazi biochemistry zembula amafomu ezifihliwe futhi kusaqalwa isifo noma ukungabi izinto ezibalulekile.

Indlela shall Ukuhlaziywa

I-oda ukulethwa indaba for cwaningo has imithetho yayo siqu. Ngaphambi uya isikhungo sokwelapha salokhu test, isiguli akufanele adle noma aphuze, ngisho amanzi.

Ahlolwe uchwepheshe kuthatha nesineke 5 ml igazi vein cubital. Isampula is phansi ukuhlolwa olunzulu, futhi imiphumela efakiwe ifomu ekhethekile. Efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi e abadala (ithebula kuboniswe kulesi sihloko) liwumthombo okahle idatha kudokotela. It uyakwazi ukunikeza ulwazi oluphelele mayelana ngezimo zesiguli.

Ngamandla abo, izibalo kuniketa imininingwane lemincane ifomu. Ukuze ngempela imiphumela, udokotela udinga ukuthatha for Ngokuqhathanisa namazinga ukuhlolwa laboratory. Biochemistry wegazi uyombulala ke ziyacaca.

Ngamunye inqubo ukuhlaziywa ayinakho amazinga ecacile neqondile. Kukhona minimum futhi esiphezulu amanani ovumelekile zonke izinto inhlolovo. Uma umphumela likhona uhla evamile, lo kwezinso nesineke atholakele. Endabeni ukulahlekelwa value ephethwe umkhawulo amagugu okubhekiselwe yokubakhona izinguquko sokugembula.

Efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi e abadala - itafula okuboniswe inombolo kahle esikhulu izinto. Ake sicabangele indlela ebalulekile kakhulu kulolu cwaningo laboratory.

albumin

Albumin - into wamaprotheni imvelo, okuyinto kuveza esibindini womuntu. Kuyinto amaprotheni ezinkulu igazi ethakwa iqembu ahlukene, okungukuthi "amaprotheni ingxenyenamba". Ushintsho E-ratio maqembu kakhulu ulwazi kudokotela. Isikhathi esining impela, imiphumela nesilinganiso isimo albumin ijaji izinso, khona umdlavuza noma rheumatism.

Albumin kulinganiselwe ziyancipha kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kanye lactating, kanye ababhemayo. Le into proteinaceous kungahle lokuhlushwa ongaphakeme lapho uzilé ukudla mpilo amaprotheni Ukudla, izidakamizwa hormone kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela ukukhulelwa. Inani kukhuphuke lokhu test kungase kubonise khona:

• pathologies ka oyingozi futhi ezingalapheki imvelo isibindi (isifo sokusha, ukushisa kwesibindi, isimila);
• ukulimala kanye ukusha;
• sepsis, unesifo noma suppuration;
• rheumatism;
• ukushisa komzimba;
• ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo;
• ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu
• nemithi yokweqisa.

Normative albumin izibalo yilezi:

yobudala lesiguli	Inani labantu okufanele lifinyelelwe, g / l
izingane	37 - 53
iminyaka engu-60	36 - 51
ukuguga zeminyaka 60 nangaphezulu	35 - 47

amaprotheni obuphelele

Amaprotheni - material polymeric sakhiwa ama-amino acid. Ngo-biochemistry elithi "amaprotheni Imininingwane" kuhlanganisa nenani amaprotheni ku le serum igazi futhi siqukethe albumin globulin. Le nkomba okuzuzisayo ukuze kuhlonzwe izifo kwesibindi, pheshana emathunjini, umdlavuza futhi ilimele kabi ezishile. isilinganiso quantitative wamaprotheni jikelele ngeke kulungiswa ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi e omdala, okuyinto ngezansi kwethebula.

Ubudala isiguli	Inani labantu okufanele lifinyelelwe, g / l
izinsana	48 - 73
enyakeni 1	45 - 71
iminyaka 1-4	62 - 73
iminyaka 5-7	51 - 77
Izingane ezivela iminyaka 8 kuya ku-15	59 - 75
abadala	65 - 84

Uma ukuhlaziywa abangu ayibikwa kwalezi zibalo, singasho okulandelayo ngezinkinga lesiguli:

• isilulu samafayela;
• izifo rheumatism;
• umdlavuza.

Ezinganeni, bakhulise izinga jikelele amaprotheni kuhambisana isimiso emathunjini, isifo sohudo kanye nokuhlanza, ikholera ukusha.

Uma umuntu lokhu ukuhlolwa kwegazi noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali encishisiwe, kungashiwo ka lezi zifo ezilandelayo:

• imihlola sokugembula esibindini okuholela ekuncipheni zokukhiqiza amaprotheni yilo umzimba;
• glomerulonephritis;
• pancreatitis;
• ukushayisana ipheshana wokugaya ukudla.

Ngokuvamile, amaprotheni Imininingwane kwehle in iziguli ezinkulu ukopha, ukusha, ukulimala kanye nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ukuvuvukala, kanye lokuzila ukudla okufanele nokuvivinya umzimba okufanele okukhulu.

amaprotheni C-esisheshayo

Le ngxenye ibonisa ukuvuvukala, ukutheleleka, khona ezidala. Njengoba umsebenzi amaprotheni - ukuhlanganisa amasosha omzimba, emakamu yayo uqala ukwandisa ngokucijile ngesikhathi ukubonakaliswa ukusabela zomzimba. Ngokuvamile, emakamu CRP 0.5 mg / l.

Ukuze ukuhlaziywa udokotela CRP kubalulekile e izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane noma ama-virus. Futhi, Dynamics le nkomba it is bahlulelwe ukusebenza yokwelapha. Isigqugquzeli CRP lokuhlushwa obaphawuleka:

• rheumatism;
• izifo wokugaya ukudla;
• sofuba;
• isilethikusebenza;
• ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu
• meningitis;
• sepsis;
• yezinkinga ngemva kokuhlinzwa.

CRP lokuhlushwa luyanda ngesikhathi exacerbation izifo ezingamahlalakhona.

-hemoglobin glycosylated

I-hemoglobin unesibopho ukuthuthwa izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo wonke umzimba. Phakathi Ngaphezu ezifana amaprotheni molecule glucose etholwe izidakamizwa ebizwa nge-hemoglobin glycated. Ukwenyuka lokuhlushwa yayo egazini - isizathu sikashukela umsolwa. Kuyinsakavukela okuqukethwe amaprotheni - 4,1-6,6%. izibalo Lower kukhona ekuzileni eside kusukela ukudla okufanele nokuvivinya umzimba okufanele okukhulu.

myoglobin

Le protheni ezifanayo umsebenzi hemoglobin. Unikeza i-oksijini ukuze inhliziyo futhi imisipha yohlaka. Amazinga myoglobin, UG / l:

• zesifazane - 13-75;
• wesilisa - 18-92,1.

Yandisa igazi myoglobin uthi:

• isifo sezinso;
• isilethikusebenza;
• ukulimala, ukusha;
• imihlola convulsive.

Myoglobin nayo ikhula kwezemidlalo kanye therapy ne elekroimpulsov.

Lokhu amaprotheni igazi incipha lapho:

• polymyositis;
• myasthenia gravis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• ukusabela sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba.

Transferrin, ferritin, serum zhelezosvertyvayuschaya ikhono

Transferrin - iprotheni obhekene ukuthuthwa yensimbi. Norm ekuqukethe - 2,1-4,12 g / l. okuhlushwa layo liphakeme kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kanye kuyehla kwasebekhulile.

Uma igazi biochemistry yabonisa okuqukethwe lelitfutfukile transferrin, lokho kungase kubonise ukuthi lezi zifo ezilandelayo:

• ukuvuvukala;
• ukusha;
• ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu
• isifo sokusha;
• sokusansimbi;
• hemochromatosis.

transferrin Ukwandiswa kubonisa yensimbi ukuntula igazi.

Ferritin - iprotheni itholakala kuyo yonke uketshezi lomzimba kanye emangqamuzaneni omzimba womuntu. Kubonisa khona yensimbi ezitolo. Amapharamitha obujwayelekile ka ferritin, ng / L egazini lincike phansi kanti aqukethe okulandelayo:

• wesilisa - 21-252;
• abesifazane - 11-122;

Ngezinye abafumana kungenzeka ukukhuluma pathologies ezilandelayo:

• hemochromatosis nensimbi sindisa;
• Oncology, wegazi;
• zezifo ezithathelwanayo namakhambi ukuvuvukala endaweni esingamahlalakhona noma sibi;
• isifo sesibindi;

ferritin okuphansi kubonisa khona igazi.

CSH kusikisela ukuthi yokubopha insimbi transferrin. Ukuze ubone ukuthi ukusetshenziswa umqondo anaemia ka LSC esicashile. Izinga kule umbandela 22-61 Mol / l. ukwehla salo ngaso:

• ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo;
• sokulahlekelwa yigazi.

Ukuncipha kwe-CSH siyenzeka ngaphansi kwale mibandela elandelayo:

• izifo ezithathelwanayo;
• ukuvuvukala;
• nephrosis;
• ukukhathala;
• isifo sokusha;
• hemochromatosis futhi thalassemia.

rheumatoid isici

Lezi izinto okungezakho isigaba immunoglobulin G-lgG. Kuyinto bomdabu namaprotheni emzimbeni yabantu soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka futhi baqala ukuqaphela amaseli kwezitho ahlukahlukene njengoba angaphandle ngaphansi kwethonya amagciwane. Jwayelekile ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi e omdala kulolu inkomba - 10.1 U / ml. Ezimweni ukwanda kwamagesi amaprotheni kuziwa izifo elandelayo:

• isifo sokusha;
• ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu
• polymyositis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• dermatomyositis;
• ukutheleleka;
• omzimba izicubu erythematosus.

enzyme

Efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi e abadala, etafuleni kunikezwa isiguli ezandleni, iqukethe idatha okuqukethwe ambalwa of uketshezi ezilandelayo:

• Amylase. Lokhu enzyme ikhishwe ngamathe (diastase) futhi kwamanyikwe. Kugcine ngokuthi Amylase pancreatic. Diastase libhekene iziqondiso 29-101 U / L. Okwedlulele lesi sibalo show anomalies amanyikwe, cholecystitis, peritonitis acute, mumps kanye nesifo sikashukela. Amylase pancreatic kuyinto evamile, uma itholakala ngaphakathi 0-52 U / L. okuhlushwa Ephakeme ukhuluma ngani pathologies kwamanyikwe.
• dehydrogenase lactate - enzyme ingatholakala cishe yonke kwezitho nezicubu. Njengoba bekhula, lokuhlushwa uwela. Uma osanda kuzalwa okuqukethwe LDH 2010 U / L, ngemva kweminyaka engu-12, kuyinsakavukela kuyehla kube 252 U / L. I emakamu eliphezulu yalesi enzyme kubonisa hypoxia, zenhliziyo semithambo izifo, isibindi namaphaphu, futhi kungase kubonise umdlavuza.
• Creatine kinase - enzyme enikezela imisipha amandla. Okuqukethwe kwale nto ikhombisa ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi. Imithetho izinkomba lokhu enzyme iyashiyana yobudala nobulili. Uma une kuzalwa, le nkomba kwaba 650 U / L, abadala - mayelana 202 U / L.

okuhlushwa ekhulile yemiphumela CK izinkulumo mayelana izifo inhliziyo, ngqi, i-hypothyroidism, sezinzwa uhlelo izifo kanye nomdlavuza. I lokuhlushwa enzyme kuyehla ngesikhathi sokuwohloka kwemisipha ne sokungasebenzi.

Okuqukethwe lezi nezinye enzyme uyonika umbono ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi. Biochemistry wegazi Ungase futhi ukutshela mayelana lokuhlushwa enzyme ezilandelayo: aminotransferase alanine, gamma - GT, AST, esterase, phosphatase ane-alikhali futhi lipase.

lipids

Izinkomba ezisemqoka igazi ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kanye lipids mmol / l:

• Imininingwane cholesterol, yinto evamile ukukhuluma 3,2-6,12;
• LDL, sivamile amadoda - 2,26-4,81, abesifazane - 1,9-4,51;
• cholesterol HDL, sivamile amadoda 0,73-1,74 kwabesifazane - 0,87-2,27.

izibalo amahlombe nalezi zindlela ukukhuluma mayelana izifo zenhliziyo kanye igazi izitsha, izinso, sifo, kwezinso pancreatic, ukukhuluphala sokuzincisha nokuluthwa utshwala. Encishisiwe ubufakazi lipid igazi, ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo, izifo, isifo sokusha futhi isibindi umdlavuza, izifo yamaphaphu.

carbohydrate

Ithebula ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi, emagama okuyinto isithakazelo zonke iziguli, futhi iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokuqukethwe carbohydrate:

• Glucose. Kuyinto okunqumayo kule sitholakele isifo sikashukela. Izinkambiso glucose egazini, Mol / L yilezi: ezinganeni kanye intsha - 3,34-5,6; abadala - 3,95-5,82; ngemva kweminyaka engu-60 - 6.4. I okusezingeni eliphezulu carbohydrate okuqukethwe lapha kukhulunywa endocrine izifo, isifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo kanye nesifo sohlangothi, izifo kwamanyikwe nezinso. Encishisiwe glucose eyabonisa yezifo emathunjini ipheshana, ubuthi kanye hypothyroidism.
• Fructosamine kuyinto umbandela e sitholakele ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela kanye nokuhlola izinga nokwelashwa kwayo. okuhlushwa ilinganiselwe - 203-282 mmol / l. Endabeni izindinganiso eziphakeme kuba kahle kwezinso, isifo sikashukela noma i-hypothyroidism. Ngezinye lokuhlala eliphansi fructosamine uma i-hyperthyroidism nezinso izifo.

zombala

Phakathi kwezinye izinkomba ku ukuhlaziya "igazi biochemistry," ungathola uphawu "bilirubin". It is kulinganiswa ngo mmol / l futhi ngezinhlobo eziningi:

• Okuqondile. Norma 0-3,32;
• Sekukonke. Norm 3,38-17,23.

bilirubin Ukwandiswa kubonisa kwezinso kwesibindi kanye untula e vitamin _B12.

Okunye izingxenye wegazi i-chemistry

Njalo udokotela ine umqondo kanjani-United States wokufunda ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwegazi: evamile (Ithebula: abadala nabancane) yengxenye ngayinye kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngezimo zesiguli. Ngaphezu kwalezi zingxenye ohlwini imiphumela zocwaningo laboratory kuhlanganisa:

inkomba	amayunithi angakahleleki	kuyinsakavukela
creatinine	mmol / l	enyakeni owodwa - 17-36 iminyaka kusuka onyakeni owodwa kuya 14 - 28-61 zesifazane - 52-98 wesilisa - 61-116
uric acid		eminyakeni engu-14 - 1,83-6,42 wesilisa - 210-420 abesifazane - 151-352
urea	mmol l	eminyakeni engu-14 - 1,83-6,42 iminyaka abadala 14-60 - 2,51-6,42 ngemva kweminyaka engu-60 - 2,91-7,52
potassium		kuze kube unyaka - 4,12-5,31 iminyaka 1-14 - 3,42-4,72 abadala - 3,51-5,54
calcium		2,23-2,52
sodium		136-145
chlorine		98-107
magnesium		0,63-1,12
phosphorus		kuze kube iminyaka engu-2 - 1,46-2,15 iminyaka 2-12 - 1,45-1,77 iminyaka abadala 12-60 - 0,88-1,46 abesifazane emva kweminyaka 60 - 0,9-1,33 indoda emva kweminyaka 60 - 0,73-1,22
yensimbi	mmol / l	kuze kube unyaka - 7,22-17,92 iminyaka 1-14 - 9,03-21,52 zesifazane - 9,0-30,4 wesilisa - 11,63-30,42
Witham B12	pg / ml	180-900
i-folic acid	ng / ml	3,1-18

Ekuhloleni kuhambisana idatha etholwe kusukela cwaningo wegazi i-chemistry, ngempela acabangele izimiso elabhorethri lapho nokuhlaziywa okwenziwe. Ukuze wenze i-ukusazi ngokunembile isifo esikuphethe, udokotela kufanele akhethe ucwaningo olwengeziwe.