Biography of Dostoevsky. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo avela ku-biography kaDostoevsky

UFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky wazalelwa ngo-1821. Waba ingane yesibili emndenini omkhulu (kwakukhona eziyisithupha kuzo zonke).

Amakilasi nabothisha, abaya eSt. Petersburg

Kusukela ngo-1832, u-Dostoevsky, kanye nomfowabo uMikhail, baqala ukutadisha. Othisha beza ekhaya. Kodwa ngonyaka ka-1833, izingane zathunyelwa esikoleni sokubhukuda "Sushara". Nokho, abazange bafunde lapho isikhathi eside. Ngokushesha bathuthela endlini yokubopha "Tchermak". UDostoevsky wayethanda ukufunda kusukela esemncane. Ngo-1837, unina kaFyodor wadlula, futhi emva kwesikhathi ubaba wakhe wamthatha futhi uMikhail waya enhloko-dolobha enyakatho, lapho bathola khona imfundo enhle khona.

Iminyaka eyi-1838-1843.: Isikole Sobunjiniyela

Ukwamukela kulesi sikole u-Dostoevsky ubhekwa njengephutha elibi. Imiyalo yamasosha yayingakaze ibe yintfo kuye, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunzima kuFedor ukufeza izidingo ezibekiwe kuye. Akukho lutho oluthandayo, futhi akazange athole abangane esikoleni. Ngakho-ke wahlupheka kuleli sikhungo FM Dostoevsky, ogama lakhe ligcwele izikhathi ezinzima kangaka.

Ukuqala kwendlela yokudala

Akuyona imfihlo uDostoevsky ayeyithanda kakhulu imisebenzi kaBalzac, ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi wanquma ukuhumusha ngesiRashiya incwadi yakhe ethi "Eugene Grande." Lokhu kwakungukuqala kwendlela yakhe yokudala. Ngokufanayo, u-Dostoevsky wasebenza ngokuhumusha kwemisebenzi kaGeorges Sand, kanye no-Eugene Sue, kodwa abazange banyatheliswe.

Impumelelo enkulu

Ngo-1844, umlobi waqala ukuvela imibono mayelana "nabantu abampofu", futhi ngolunye usuku wahlala etafuleni futhi waqala ukubhala ngenjabulo. Ngakho-ke, leveli yathola imicabango yakhe, futhi uDostoevsky akazange aphumule aze aqede . Lapho umsebenzi usulungile, lo mbhali wanikeza inguqulo ebhalwe ngesandla kaGrigorovich (indoda ayehlala naye efulethini elifanayo), eyayiyisa eNekrasov, futhi wachitha ubusuku bonke efunda "Abantu abahluphekile". Ekuseni bafika kuDostoevsky. Bobabili babonisa ukuthi bayamthanda ngempela. Yeka ukuthi ujabule kangakanani ukuzwa lokhu kudumisa FM Dostoyevsky! I-biography yakhe iqukethe izikhathi ezimnandi, njengoba sibona.

Embuthanweni wabalobi

Ngokushesha umlobi wamukelwa embuthaneni waseBelinsky, lapho ehanjiswa khona uPanayev, u-Odoyevsky, uTurgenev. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, u-Dostoevsky wavuma ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi wayehlonishwa ngumgxeka futhi wamukelwa ngokungavumelani yonke imibono yakhe, kuhlanganise nemibono yezenhlalo. I-biography kaDostoevsky iyakufakazela ukuthi wayibheka kakhulu umbono kaBelinsky mayelana namanoveli akhe. Emhlanganweni kanye naye ngo-1845, umlobi wafunda izahluko eziningana zomsebenzi othi "The Double", lapho kwakukhona ngengqondo yokuhlukanisa. Ngokushesha lesi sihloko sizobonakala ezincwadini zakhe eziyinhloko.

Ukuboshwa nokubhekisela

Ekuseni ngo-Ephreli 23, 1849, umlobi, kanye namanye amalungu omjikelezo kaPetrashevsky, wathathwa futhi wabekwa ePeter noPaul Fortress. I-biography kaDostoevsky ngezinye izikhathi ishaya inhlekelele yayo ...

Lapho umlobi wahlala izinyanga ezingu-8. Wazama ukungaphumeleli futhi wabhala indaba ethi "The Little Hero" (yanyatheliswa ngo-1857). Ngokushesha uDostoevsky usolwa ngokuhlela i-coup d'etat, futhi kufanele adutshulwe. Kwaphela imizuzu emide, kuze kube yilapho kubulawa khona, umlobi wayehlushwa ukulindela okubuhlungu kokufa, kepha ngokungazelelwe esinye isijeziso senziwa: iminyaka emine yokuthunjwa nokuhlushwa ngokuphelele amalungelo. Ngemuva kokukhonza isigwebo sakhe, kwakufanele abe yisosha. Umlobi wathunyelwa e-Omsk, lapho eboshwe khona enqabeni. Lapho waphoqeleka ukuba aphile nezigebengu. Ukukhathazeka kwengqondo okwehlisiwe, ukudabuka nokulahlwa, ukuzisola, ukuhlaziywa kwamagugu, i-pallet eyinkimbinkimbi yemicabango evela ekuphelelwe ithemba ekuqinisekiseni ukufeza okusheshayo kwenjongo yakhe yokuphila - yonke le mpahla, egcinwe esitokisini, yayiyisisekelo sencwadi ethi "Amanothi avela ku-Dead House." I-Biography kaDostoevsky iyidrama yangempela engakwazi ukufunda ngaphandle kokuzwelana.

Ukuvuselelwa komsebenzi wokubhala

Kusukela ebusika ka-1854, umlobi wayekhonza eSamipalatinsk, lapho ayeyindoda ejwayelekile. Nokho, emva kwezinyanga ezingu-12 waba isikhulu esingazange sikhulume. Futhi ngonyaka kamuva wabekwa uphawu. Ngokushesha uDostoevsky wabuyiselwa esihlokweni somuntu ohloniphekile kanye nethuba lokushicilela imisebenzi yakhe. Ngo-1857, lo mbhali washada noMaria Isaeva, owayekade emsekela futhi engamvumeli ukuba aphelelwe yintliziyo. Ngesiboshwa esiphezulu, u-Dostoevsky wabhala imisebenzi ethi "iStanchikovo Village kanye Nezakhamuzi Zakhe", kanye "nephupho lomalume". Zanyatheliswa ngo-1859. Amanoveli athola ukubuyekezwa okuningi kokubonga. I-biography kaDostoevsky nathi ishukumisela ukuba singalokothi sishiye futhi sibe namandla.

"Ukuhlambalaza nokulimala"

Umlobi wayefuna umagazini wakhe othi "Isikhathi" ukuba abonwe ngabantu njengencwadi eyinhloko, ngakho-ke wanquma ukushicilela umsebenzi wakhe ophumelelayo kuwo. Kwakubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuthunjwa Nokulimala". Abahlaziyi bekhulu le-XIX babecabanga ukuthi kwakufanekiselwa umlobi, futhi abaningi babhekwa njengama-pathos abantu abathintekayo abanobuchwepheshe bamaRussia.

Ukwethuka komndeni kanye nemishado

Ngo-1863, umlobi wavakashela phesheya, lapho ehlangana no-Apollinaria Suslova, lapho ethanda khona. I-biography kaDostoevsky, amaqiniso athakazelisayo omangaza umfundi ongazi lutho, ayengeke aphelele ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngalona wesifazane. Ubuhlobo babo obunzima nobuthakathaka be-roulette edolobheni laseJalimane likaBaden-Baden baphefumulela umlobi ukuba enze umsebenzi "Umdlali".

Ngo-1864, umyeni kaDostoevsky washona, futhi, naphezu kokuba bevame ukubhekana namadrama nokuphikisana, kwaba yinto embi kakhulu kuye. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uMfoweth 'uMichael wafa. Umlobi waphinda waya kwelinye izwe, futhi ehlobo lika-1866 wayenhloko-dolobha nasendlini yezwe, esiseduze nomuzi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi wasebenza emsebenzini "Ubugebengu nokujeziswa". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi wenziwa "kuMdlali", uDostoevsky afundela umculi wezinkanyezi u-Anna Snitkina. Lapho umsebenzi usulungile (ebusika ngo-1867), umlobi wamthatha waba ngumkakhe, futhi njengoba kamuva uN.N.N. Strakhov etshela, le nyunyana yayivumelana ngempela futhi iyajabula. Ngakho iphupho likaDostoevsky lomkhaya omuhle lagcwaliseka. Umkakhe wayengowesifazane omuhle, owayemthanda kakhulu umyeni wakhe. I-biography kaDostoevsky ifundwa njengencwadi ethakazelisayo, lapho umlingisi oyinhloko engumlobi ngokwakhe, akunjalo?

"Ubugebengu Nokujeziswa"

Umqondo walo msebenzi ovela kumlobi wabonakala kudala, ngisho nasekuthunjweni. Nakuba u-Dostoevsky esesimweni esinzima sezimali, ukusebenza kule noveli kwakunzima kakhulu, wayefisa ukubhala. Lo msebenzi wawugcwele izisusa zenhlalo kanye nefilosofi. Bahlangana ngokuvumelana phakathi kwesiqephu futhi bahambisana nokuhlangenwe nakho ngokomzwelo kaRaskolnikov. Wayengabizwa ngokuthi umbulali wefilosofi, uBonaparte wamanje, ogama lakhe liphela neqiniso lokuthi unquma ukuvuma ubugebengu bakhe, okungenani ngokubuyisana nonembeza wakhe. Inkosi enkulu yegama lalinguFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky, owaziwa ngaye okwenza ukuba sibabaze ithalenta lakhe.

Imisebenzi emikhulu

Ngo-1867 i-"Idiot" yaqedwa, ukuqokwa kwalo mlobi akubheka njengesithombe somuntu ongeke aqiniseke. Prince Myshkin, lo mlingisi okahle, ongaqhathaniswa noJesu, awukwazi ukubuyisana nokuboniswa kwentukuthelo, ukunganakwa, isono futhi uyahlanya. Kwabe sekulandela umsebenzi we "Amademons", isisusa sokudalwa okwakungumsebenzi kaNechaev kanye nomphakathi owawubiza ngokuthi "Ukubulala Abantu". Ngo-1875, inkulumo ethi "Intsha" yabhalwa, okuwukuvuma kwesilisa owakhulela ezweni elibolile kakhulu, esimweni sokungcola okubanzi. Kwabe sekuqala ukusebenza ngomsebenzi oyinhloko womlobi othi "Abazalwane Karamazov", ekhuluma ngokuhlupheka komndeni owodwa. UDostoevsky wayefuna ukuveza abahlakaniphile baseRussia kuwo. Umlobi naye wayefisa ukumenza abe uhlobo lokuphila komlingiswa oyinhloko - u-Alexei Karamazov. I-biography yeDostoevsky igcwele impumelelo yokubhala. Ngokusho kwezinsuku, ungabona indlela ikhono lakhe elithuthukile ngayo, yiziphi imicabango ayezifundele kulokhu noma esikhathini.

Ukufa

Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, umlobi wasinqoba igunya elingenakuphikwa, iningi lalo lalibheke njengomeluleki nomprofethi. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Dostoevsky wayenezinhlelo eziningi zemisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo futhi wayefuna ukuqala ukusebenza engxenyeni elandelayo yencwadi ethi The Brothers Karamazov, kodwa ebusika ngo-1881 wafa ngokuzumayo.

I-biography kaDostoevsky: amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Uyazi ukuthi "ngobugebengu nokujezisa" i-Dostoevsky ibonisa izindlu zangempela, amagceke kanye nemifula enhloko-dolobha esenyakatho? Iqiniso elimnandi, akunjalo? Umlobi uthe incazelo yendawo lapho umbulali efihle khona izinto ezithathwe endlini yokuhlala yowesifazane omdala, wabhala, ngokusekelwe ezinkumbulo zegceke, okwakuvele ehamba ehamba ePetersburg.

Uyazi ukuthi umlobi wayengumuntu onomhawu wangempela? Usola umkakhe ngokuxhumana okungathandabuzeki, nakuba engazange abe nesizathu salokhu. U-Dostoevsky wayengakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya ngokuzumayo bese eqala ukuhlola amakhabethe futhi ahlole isikhala ngemuva kwefenisha. Noma wayengase abe nomhawu ngomuntu omdala owayengenalutho, owayehlala endlini yakhe.

Ngakho-ke sahlola ngokujwayelekile indlela uDostoevsky ayephila ngayo. I-biography imfushane, kodwa ifundisa.