Bartolomeo Rastrelli, umakhi: Biography, esebenza ngayo. Smolny Cathedral, Winter Palace, Stroganov Palace

Ukuhlela ukwakheka Bartolomeo Rastrelli - umdali okuthakazelisayo, izakhiwo eziningi ezinhle. izigodlo zalo nezakhiwo zenkolo bazongena esitelekeni ubukhazikhazi kanye nenkazimulo yawo, abaqhoshayo futhi Regal. Lokhu akusona isimanga. Phela, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, ogama biography iyathakazelisa abalandeli abaningi izakhiwo zesimanje, wadala futhi yenzelwe sababusi.

Kafushane ngokukhula

Wazalwa Bartolomeo Franchesko Rastrelli e Paris, indodana umbazi abanamakhono futhi owaziwa Italian Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli. Lokhu kwenzeke emuva 1700, lapho iFrance yayibusa uLouis XIV. Inkosi baziswa enkantolo yakhe umqophi kakhulu, ngakho kancane ebuntwaneni Francesco lidlule ku ukwaneliseka nokunganaki.

Umfana wakhula eziyibonayo kakhulu futhi zikhuthale. Wakuthanda ukwenza okuthile ngezandla zabo, bathandile ukulingisa uyise ucije amakhono abo.

Ukuhambisa eRussia

Ngemva kokufa "iNkosi Yelanga" Carlo Rastrelli esethola isimemo esivela inkantolo Russian ku umsebenzi iminyaka emithathu e-umbuso wasenyakatho. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyisiko izingcweti abanamakhono ukuya okufukuzwa kulo eRussia, ngakho Rastrelli, Sr., ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili, wabutha umkhaya wakhe waya Petersburg.

Capital wahlangana abezinye izizwe kahle. Umkhaya wahlala endlini yakhe, wajabulela inhlonipho nodumo. Peter mina, ilungiselelo matasa komuzi entsha, ziphathwe ababazi abanamakhono ngelomusa ngenhlonipho. Wabona ikhono lazo kanye nekhono of Ochwepheshe enikeziwe oda, kulandele ezinhle, umvuzo bobukhosi bangempela.

Ukuqala lokusungula

Kusukela esemncane Bartolomeo Rastrelli emsebenzini sina zodcheskoy ngaphansi kokuholwa kokuqondisa uyise. Ngokwesibonelo, wahlanganyela ekuphothulweni kwezinye lwesigodlo Prince Menshikov - lisebenza futhi amandla abalambele uMbusi uPetru ally.

Umsebenzi wokuqala kuqhathaniswa ezimele by Bartolomeo Rastrelli (endleleni, eRussia, umakhi osemusha okuthiwa uBartolomewu Varfolomeyevich) kwaba ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zamakhosi amathathu storey zamatshe wemvelo ukuze elikhazimulayo isikhulu, sikahulumeni kanye isazi Dmitriya Konstantinovicha Kantemira.

Umakhi akakunikanga isakhiwo zayo zokuqala ezinye izici ezihlukile izici. Cha, esigodlweni Yakhiwa ngokuhambisana isitayela owamukelwa uPetru mina, kwaba esivela ukugcwala ivolumu, ukuzwakala ukuhambisana kanye flatness olungaphambili lwesonto. isitayela zakho Rastrelli ayoyikhetha kamuva.

Eminyakeni 1720 wamapulani Ezifuna izikhathi eziningana wahambela eFrance nase-Italy ukuze ukujwayelana izitayela ezintsha zemfashini futhi iziqondiso ku-art wokwakha.

izinxushunxushu zezombangazwe

Ngo-1930, ekuqaleni wokubusa Anny Ioannovny, Rastrelli, uyise wanquma ukusungula ubuhlobo obusha Empress waya izilaleli zakhe, ukuthatha indodana yakhe naye nemigwalo imidwebo.

Indlovukazi abasha, elusa ukuziphakamisa nangobuciko, ngomusa wathatha abaklami abanamakhono futhi wabalungiselela nodumo ukwenza ukwakhiwa lesigodlo sakhe. Ngakho umakhi abasha ithuba ukuhlukanisa uziphendulela phambi kweNkantolo Empress. Zonke amaphrojekthi yakhe sivunyiwe futhi ezisebenzayo.

Ubusika Palace

Njengoba sekunama-Anny Ioannovny wezakhiwo onesiphiwo iqala ukusebenza zonke izinsuku zokuphila kwakhe - waphathiswa ukuqedela main esigodlweni Petersburg. Okwenza Bartolomeo Rastrelli? I Winter Palace, elakhiwa 1700s zokuqala, iNdlovukazi yayibonakala imincane futhi angenanhlonipho, ngakho yena ngokujabula yokutholwa plan lokufuna isikhundla umakhi ephefumulelwe, owawuthi kwakudingekile ukuthenga emuva ezine zimi eduze kwendlu, futhi esikhundleni sabo sokwakha ibhilidi omangalisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva kwaqedwa ukwakha isakhiwo, naphambi kwamehlo Petersburg zaziletha ngokwazo wenza kahle isakhiwo esinezitezi ezine, olungaphambili lwesonto yayo ebheke uMfula iNeva, futhi yokuhlala cishe ayisikhombisa amakamelo isimo kanye okulala angaphezu kwekhulu, kanye yaseshashalazini, indawo eyisitezi eholweni, yesonto futhi omningi futhi aqaphe kanye emagcekeni ejele.

Lesi sigodlo iye skilfully futhi ngokucebile ehlotshisiwe, ibe amakholomu round rusticated futhi pediment eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu kanye lonke esitezi sokuqala indlu lalibuswa igalari omkhulu nemengamo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Rastrelli kwadingeka waphinda siguqula Winter Palace. Yenzeka eminyakeni ethi ayibe amabili kamuva, ngesikhatsi sekubusa u-Elizabeth.

INdlovukazi ezintsha sokuhlala esemqoka ye Romanovs ezingcolile futhi akuhambisani isimo sabo. Wayefuna ukwandisa ukuphakama isakhiwo kanye nobude. Kwakudingekile ukuba adilize ezaziphase isakhiwo, futhi endaweni yawo ukwakha entsha, kuhle kakhulu yokwamukela ongqongqoshe basemazweni kanye imikhosi.

Isakhiwo emangalisayo entsha Winter Palace, elakhiwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa Bartolomeo Rastrelli? Lesi sakhiwo ziqasha amagumbi neshumi nanhlanu ihlanganisa indawo eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha cubic metres.

Isigodlo kokuba omkhulu ukuma elingunxande, abakhwelwe ngaphakathi phambi unit and okukhulu, olungaphambili lwesonto kubuyiswe kahle, okwakubekelwa ifakwe amakholomu ahlukaniswe kabanzi namawindi elanele, iwindi casings ezakheke ehlukahlukene kanye isitsha sezimbali eziningi kanye eziqoshiwe, ibekwe phezu uthango.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nombono wanamuhla we Winter Palace, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Hermitage, cishe ngokuphelele oluhambisana iphrojekthi lokugcina umakhi okukhulu.

Umakhi ngoba Biron

Ngo-1730 Bartolomeo Rastrelli uqala eduze ukuxhumana Biron - intandokazi Anny Ioannovny. Ngaphansi ukusekelwa wezakhiwo wasebukhosini uncrowned zombusi iba umklami iNdlovukazi zamanje. By the way, Elizaveta Petrovna, ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nahlanu, esahlanganisa amandla ngokusebenzisa umbuso esigodlweni, ngajabulela amasevisi Rastrelli njengoba nomklami oyinhloko.

Ukuze Biron wezakhiwo ithuthukisa futhi uyazifeza amaphrojekthi ukwakhiwa kanye Mitavsky Rundale zamakhosi. Lapha, inkosi kudala Yakha isikali bayavumelana maqondana isakhiwo avaliwe, lapho element evelele elongate ebusayo eyinhloko.

Nge art omusha ngamunye udonsela Bartolomeo Rastrelli athuthukiswe futhi ethuthukisiwe, imigqa kanye namasu ayabaluleka plastic ngaphezulu nempumuzo.

Sebenza ukwakha kabusha. Anichkov Palace

Kanye nokufika kwalolo umbusi esilandelayo umakhi abanamakhono yaqala ukubonakala oda ezithakazelisayo futhi okumnandi, omunye owawungumnyaka kokuphothulwa ukwakhiwa eMfuleni Fontanka, iqalwa wezakhiwo Zemtsov. isakhiwo Lebukhatikhati, elalizokwakhiwa e isitayela Baroque, wehlela emlandweni njengoba Anichkov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli wengamela ukwakhiwa nasekubulaleni izakhiwo engavamile, ukuma ungathi incwadi "H".

Sebenza ukwakha kabusha. ePeterhof

I-oda esilandelayo Rastrelli kwaba kabusha ePeterhof.

Elizaveta Petrovna yonke inhliziyo yami wayefuna ukuthuthukisa ulwazi futhi enothisa yokuhlala kayise oshonile. Nokho, ukuze enze lokhu, ibiyalela ukugcina ukubukeka isitayela isakhiwo kaPetru futhi umoya isikhathi, sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli endow ukwakhiwa bemibuso yesimanje futhi ngezinga.

Bartolomeo Rastrelli, wakwazi ukwandisa futhi ushintshe eziyinkimbinkimbi esigodlweni, kusale emaphakathi isakhiwo yayo ekhululekile cishe enjalo. Ezinhlangothini ke wagcoba umzimba futhi wamisa emadokodweni entsha, yokuxhuma kubo anamagalari ezimibalabala, kanye eyakhelwe esitezi sesithathu futhi uye wazakhela olunothile epaki uhlelo.

I element enhle ukuzedlula zonke kulezi ingaphakathi ePeterhof - isikwele nge ezimbili-tone phambi ihholo ezitebhisini, ehlotshiswe sekugcineni zikanokusho.

Lapha kukhona konke - ezibizayo gilding izinto nokudweba nenhle of izindonga stucco, ukhuni eqoshwe kanye nokwakhiwa.

Sebenza ukwakha kabusha. Tsarskoye Selo

Omunye umsebenzi wokwakha ezinkulu, okuye kwadingeka ukuthi lwenziwe kabusha, kwaba ehlobo esigodlweni, elise Tsarskoye Selo. Empress wakhe kubhekwe uyisidala kakhulu futhi ezincane.

Iziphi izinguquko okwadingeka zenziwe ukuze uthuthukise Catherine Palace? Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ukuhlangabezana nezifiso inkosi yenza kabusha Russian isitayela baraque, engashiyi imali noma nganoma iyiphi enye indlela. Umhlobiso mbumbulu kanye eziqoshiwe out ezingaphezu kwekhulu khilogremu igolide.

Ngo kabusha umakhi wathutha ezitebhisini enkulu ohlangothini eningizimu-ntshonalanga isigodlo, eneka yokuhamba kancane parallel eduze kwezinye hholo njalo ngokwesiko; lwajula agcwalise amafasitela, udala play ocebile obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi; mbumbulu ehlotshiswe stucco kanye eziqoshiwe ukuhlobisa nabo soft blue futhi ocebile igolide imibala. Konke lokhu akuniké esigodlweni oluthandayo Empress onesizotha zemikhosi futhi inkulumo olujulile ngokomzwelo.

amaphrojekthi amasha

Nokho, umsebenzi wezakhiwo ngu Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli akugcini kuphela kabusha imiklamo angaphandle. Umakhi wadala imidwebo yakhe siqu abanamakhono futhi yokuqala eyakha okunethezeka nezakhiwo ngokwesiko. Enye yalezi izakhiwo kwaba Smolny Cathedral. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli wasifeza a aluhlaza futhi artsy Elizabethan Baroque isitayela, zokuhlobisa nokulungisa gables dormer futhi ababethi ezithambile ukukhanya nombala oluhlaza.

I eziyinkimbinkimbi izakhiwo zenkolo ezenziwe engavamile futhi ekhethekile. Cathedral esakhiwe emihlanu oluyingungu, kodwa kuphela Dome olulodwa (kokuba usayizi ngobukhulu) okuhlobana ngokuqondile ethempelini, omunye ezine insimbi.

Omunye umsebenzi abanamakhono of wezakhiwo iyona Stroganov Palace. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli kuhlanganiswe izakhiwo ezintathu zibe munye olungaphambili lwesonto ezivamile, maphakathi okuyinto umise kuvulandi ne elingenamikhono izingalo, futhi kwenziwe kakhulu ezitebhisini grand ehlotshiswe stucco abacebile gilt usebenzile yensimbi isimo ezisebenza kanye gallery ivulekile, ehlotshiswe ukubaza eyayibhalwe nezibuko omkhulu.

Ngaphakathi sakhiwo kwaku ihholo endaweni enkulu yikhulu namashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili square metres.

kwelanga lokusungula

Ngemva kokufa kuka-Elizabeth Ngishoné lwanyamalala abaqhoshayo nesitayela ezibizayo baraque, ngakho Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ngineminyaka engu esephelelwe umsebenzi. It salandelwa amakhosi esisha esaba, onolwazi ngaphezulu yobuciko wesimanje. Njengoba ingenakho oda futhi uhlangabezana nobunzima kwezezimali, umakhi ukuguga banquma ukucela ikhefu futhi uya e-Italy, ayethi uzokwenza ngazo ukuze elashwe.

Lapha umakhi bephikisa ngifuna amakhasimende, kodwa akusebenzi. In parallel nalokhu Rastrelli abanamakhono ifunda ukuthi uCatherine inikezwa kwenye umklami. Italian Ngakho enkulu uthola ukwesula kabi futhi impesheni ehloniphekile ayizinkulungwane ruble.

Ebambisene nomkhaya wakhe (kusukela umakhi kwaba inkosikazi ethandekayo nezingane ezimbili) Rastrelli kwesokunxele Russia. Endleleni uhlangana ne abavikela yakhe ababengabafowabo. Biron futhi wathumela ezweni lakubo ukuze kabusha futhi sithuthukise impahla Courland we ibamba eyayingaphansi koMbuso Russian.

Kuthiwa umsebenzi wokugcina sezingcweti abanamakhono baba iphrojekthi yeSonto St oSimeyoni St Anna, okuyinto wethulwa ingcweti onesiphiwo mathupha Yokubala Panin ukucela ukunxeshezelwa elinambini lamawaka. Nokho, ukubala akusho bebona kudingekile aphendule sicelosikhalo Rastrelli, nakuba wakha ibandla ngokuhambisana imidwebo, ngemva kokufa umakhi sika.

ezinsukwini zokugcina

Iminyaka bokugcina ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, umakhi omkhulu owawuse-lokulibala futhi izikhathi zokuba sodwa. Izwe yobuciko is akasadingi indalo yakhe entsha, akekho embuza amaphrojekthi amasha nezakhiwo. Kuyadabukisa futhi ezicindezelayo whiled kude izinsuku zabo umculi abanamakhono. sad Ikakhulukazi kwaba ukuphila kwakhe ngemva kokufa yomkakhe.

Izazi zomlando nababekade baxgeki kuze kube sekupheleni awazi usuku oluqondile kokufa Rastrelli. Kucatshangwa ukuthi washona ngo-March-April 1771. indawo yakhe lokungcwatshwa ayikaziwa.

Nokho, washiya ifa elikhulu, esiyigugu futhi zikanokusho - nangemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu, abadlule phakathi namakhulu eminyaka nezinsizi. Zisese bayahlonishwa futhi sithokozise izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke.