Amathambo Engumuntu emkhawulweni aphansi. Amalunga wemikhawulo engezansi umuntu

Noma ubani angakwazi ngokuphelele ukucabanga amathambo endoda indoda, sibonga izithombe eziningi kanye nemidwebo sonke wazibona esikoleni. Kodwa Sazi kanjani ukuthi amathambo endoda umuntu omdala siqukethe inqwaba amathambo ezahlukene, ngamunye okhona njengamanje owenza umsebenzi othile?

skeleton Human: kuyini lokho?

skeleton Human yiwona mgogodla walo. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi bakwazi ukukhuluma umzimba womuntu njengoba egcina izitho zakhe zangaphakathi kanye nezinhlelo, kodwa futhi iyona indawo okunamathiselwe imisipha yakhe. Ngosizo lwamathambo womuntu uyakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza ahlukene: hamba, gxuma, ahlale, ulale, nokunye okuningi. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi abantu skeleton - amathambo kwakwakhe - kwakheka ingane zisesesibelethweni. Nokho, ekuqaleni kuphela uqwanga, esikhundleni ngokuhamba ukuphila kwakhe amathambo. Amathambo ingane awuhlangene ngalutho ngaphakathi isikhala eziyize. Kwenzeka lapho inqubo yokukhula komuntu. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu lwamathambo omuntu Ukwakheka kwezitho amangqamuzana amasha igazi ezikhiqiza umnkantsha elise ncamashi kuwo. I engavamile of amathambo womuntu - iyagcinwa ukuphila (nokukhula ke okuqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa) yohlobo oluthile. Uhlu amathambo lwamathambo omuntu lwakhiwa zezihloko ezingaphezu kuka-200. Abaningi babo zibhangqwe, nabanye musa yakha ngazimbili (33-34 izicucu). La are nye of amathambo sternum ugebhezi, kanye coccyx, le sacrum, amathambo.

Imisebenzi esitho womuntu

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, t. E. ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo yomuntu, wafaka isinyathelo esiqondile emakhasini ukusebenza eziningi amathambo akhe. Top umnyango womuntu skeleton nge imilenze yalo ezithathekayo yakhelwe ngokuyinhloko ukusinda kwabantu emhlabeni. Ngosizo ezandleni uyakwazi ukulungiselela ukudla, benze umsebenzi wasekhaya, ukukhonza ngokwabo, nokunye. D. Kukhona futhi amathambo nasemilenzeni engezansi indoda. Anatomy ezinhlelo zemicabango yabo ukuze abantu ingenziwa sesimweni uqotho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bona laba yisisekelo nokuhamba kwakhe kanye nokwesekwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izitho ephansi - mobile ngaphansi, uma kuqhathaniswa phezulu. Ziyakwazi ngesisindo kwabantu ngaphezulu omkhulu. Kodwa kanye lokhu, imisebenzi yabo ibalulekile kakhulu abantu.

skeleton Human esitho engezansi

Cabanga lwamathambo omuntu: lwamathambo esitho engezansi bese engenhla esitho ibhande ethulwa kanye khulula ingxenye. Engxenyeni engenhla kuyinto ithambo ezilandelayo: esifubeni ibhande, lomshini bese clavicle, humerus kanye namathambo alowo ibhodi lemisindo, isihlakala. Amathambo nemilenze womuntu aphansi zihlanganisa: ibhande kwezitho zangasese (noma abhanqiwe nethambo lenqulu), kunawo wonke tibia, unyawo. Amathambo khulula esitho womuntu aphansi, kanye amabhande bayakwazi ukumelana isisindo umuntu, kungani zibaluleke kangaka kuye. Phela, eqinisweni, kuphela ngokusebenzisa lezi zakhi kungase sesimweni mpo.

ibhande okhalo (abhanqiwe hip amathambo)

Eyokuqala ingxenye ingxenye, okuyinto isisekelo tekwakha amathambo womuntu umlenze ibhande, uzokwethula nethambo lenqulu. Okungukuthi, lishintsha oyiyo emva kokuthomba noma imuphi umuntu omdala. Ngaphambi kokuthi ubudala bathi kwebhande okhalo lakhiwe ngemalunga lamatsatfu ahlukene amathambo (ilium, pubis futhi ischium), kuxhumeke izicubu cartilaginous. Ngakho, akha uhlobo umgodi, lapho ikhanda femoral ibekwe. kwakhiwa Bone umcengezi is ngokuxhuma phambi amathambo like. Ngemuva, wazihlanganisa ngosizo we sacrum. Ngenxa yalokho, amathambo okhalo akha uhlobo indandatho okuyinto egcina izitho zangaphakathi.

Kunawo wonke kanye patella

Amathambo umlenze womuntu ibhande singekho ephathekayo njengoba lonke kuye, okuyinto kangaka okuthiwa - ukhulule esitho engezansi. Siqukethe: inqulu, umlenze unyawo. Hip noma ethangeni ithambo ithambo ijabulise. Kuphinde futhi kube elikhulu kunawo futhi ende kunazo zonke amathambo, okuyinto sinikezwe umzimba womuntu. Ngokwengxenye layo elingenhla ixhunywe kunawo wonke ibhande okhalo esebenzisa ikhanda kanye intamo usinamathelise eside. Lapho entanyeni ludlulele ngaphakathi engxenyeni eyinhloko kunawo wonke kuwo kukhona igquma ezimbili ezinkulu. Kulapha inamathela omningi walo aphansi imisipha esitho yomuntu. Down ithambo ethangeni kuba mkhulu. Nazi awalethe ezimbili ngawo uxhuma senyonga ekugcineni, ne patella futhi tibia. Patella - flat ithambo round, ngosizo lapho eguqa ngamadolo yakho. Amathambo umlenze womuntu, okungukuthi kwethanga kanye ivi, abaziphethe okulandelayo: endaweni lokunamathelisa omningi imisipha esisogwini imilenze, iinyawo kuhlanganise nekhono bend.

shin

shin Human siqukethe amathambo amabili: tibia futhi fibula. Basuke etholakala eduze komunye nomunye. Eyokuqala abaningana omkhulu futhi obukhulu. Ngenhla ke uxhuma ne amaqhubu (condyles) ka kunawo wonke futhi inhloko yabangamashumi fibula. tibia Downwardly uphendulela kusukela kolunye uhlangothi kuya iqakala medial futhi ngakolunye - elise ngqo ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Fibula amancane ngosayizi. Kodwa on the imiphetho ibuye uqweqwe. Ngale ndlela-ke ixhunywe phezulu tibia, futhi phansi yakha iqakala lateral. Kubalulekile ukuthi yomibili imibuso eyakha lo tibia, nakho amelela womuntu aphansi esitho mathambo ayindlu amathambo eside.

Amathambo unyawo lomuntu

Amathambo we unyawo lomuntu ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: amathambo tarsal, metatarsals futhi phalanges. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi stop kuyinto amathambo abantu mahhala emkhawulweni aphansi. Eyokuqala babo ahlanganisa amathambo eziyisikhombisa, ebaluleke kunazo zonke okuyinto ithambo ebizwa ngokuthi talus futhi obumba iqakala, futhi isithende ithambo. Okulandelayo elise metatarsals. Kukhona emihlanu kuphela wabo, owokuqala mkhulu kakhulu futhi mfushane kunamanye. Nezinzwani ziyinsimbi lamathambo ngokuthi phalanges. I engavamile we isakhiwo ukuthi uzwane enkulu iqukethe 2 ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu, ezinye iminwe - ku ezintathu.

Anatomy of the emalungeni nasemilenzeni engezansi indoda. Sacroiliac ngokuhlanganyela, symphysis pubic

Ufuna nje ukusho ukuthi bonke emalungeni esitho engezansi likhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne emalungeni wemikhawulo engenhla. Sinenkosi inqwaba izinyanda ezahlukene, lapho bafeza ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza ukuthi kungenziwa ngosizo izinyawo wobuntu. Amathambo namalunga we ephansi esitho amathambo okudalwe ukukhonza njengephayona ukwesekwa umzimba womuntu bese umuse. Ngakho, ke, zinokwethenjelwa, eqinile futhi bakwazi ukumelana imithwalo esindayo. Asiqale nge elingaphezulu, ngendawo, amalunga omzimba. Ngosizo lwabo, amathambo okhalo zihlangene bakha ukhalo womuntu. A phambi ngokuhlanganyela ebizwa ngokuthi symphysis pubic, nangemuva - the sacroiliac. Eyokuqala kusekelwe isebangeni obuqondiswe kwamanye ngamunye ithambo pubic. kwakhiwa Ukuqiniswa symphysis pubic is by inqwaba nemisipha. Sacroiliac ngokuhlanganyela okuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi cishe ongasanyakazi. Wazimisa eziboshiwe hhayi kuphela ngamathambo okhalo, kodwa umgogodla ngenombolo nemisipha ezihambisanayo.

Taz indoda: lokukhulu nalokuncane. hip

Sekuvele kuchazwe ukuthi amathambo womuntu we ephansi esitho ibhande emelelwa ngokuyinhloko amathambo hip. Basuke zixhunywe le symphysis pubic futhi sacrum, ifomu ukhalo. Kuyinto, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, indandatho evikela zonke izitho ngaphakathi, kwakheka imithambo yegazi nezinzwa emathonyeni angaphandle. Zihlukaniswa ukhalo ezinkulu nezincane. Ngo abesifazane, kuba ngobubanzi okuningi futhi leliphasi kunaleyo babantu. Ngesikhathi ubulili fair zonke kucatshangwa lula ekwehleleni yenqubo, ngakho ukhalo has simise oyindilinga xaxa futhi obunamandla. Emalungeni we ephansi esitho amathambo esemnika omunye amalungu avelele kakhulu leli qembu - joint hip. Lokho esidumile kangaka? Dislocated hip - isici kunazo owaziwa wemikhawulo aphansi, okungase zikhonjwe ngenyanga nje ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukukwenza ngesikhathi, ngoba uphethwe ingelashwa kungaletha asemrarweni lapho usukhulile. Joint hip siqukethe umgodi we nethambo lenqulu kanye nenhloko femoral. Ukuhlolwa has a lot of nemisipha ngokuhlanganyela, ngenxa ngalo okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi ngempela ezihambayo. Ngokuvamile, anomaly we-hip e izingane zazibonela podiatrists ungakwazi ukuxilonga nge luhlolo ezivamile isiguli. Foot ukuthunjwa esandleni kule sikhundla ezithandwa at 180 degrees kungenzeka kuphela emalungeni hip enempilo.

emadolweni ngokuhlanganyela

Cabanga lwamathambo omuntu. Xhuma ithambo amalunga ngesimo izidingo indoda amathambo zokuxhumana amandla futhi udale ukuhamba esiphezulu nemilenze yakhe. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu ekhuthaza ezinjalo kuba joint kwedolo. Yena, ngenhlanhla iyona ngokuhlanganyela ngobukhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Futhi oyiyo iyinkimbinkimbi: Kumiswa joint amadolo is esebenzisa condyles ka kunawo wonke patella, tibia. Zonke ngokuhlanganyela wasibekela izintambo ithembekile, kanye nokuhlinzekwa unyawo womgwaqo, uyibambe endaweni. Ngenxa-ke hhayi kuphela emi, kodwa futhi uhamba. Joint amadolo angakhiqiza ezihlukahlukene ezinyakazayo: isiyingi, flexion kanye extensor.

iqakala ngokuhlanganyela

Leli lunga ukhonza ukuze kuxhumana ngqo namatheminali unyawo nomlenze aphansi. Duzane kukhona izinyanda eziningi ezinikeza ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza kanye nokusimama ezidingekayo ekwakhekeni komzimba womuntu.

metatarsophalangeal amalunga omzimba

Ngatadisha enhlanganisweni yebhantshi lensimbi, intshisekelo ezakheke, njengoba kuqhathaniswa nezinye emalungeni esitho womuntu aphansi. Ziyakwazi obufana nebholo. Ukuqinisa ukuba akhonze njengephayona umsipha ezinhlangothini futhi phezu ematheni onyawo kuze kufike. Zingashukumisela, nakuba ukuhlukahluka nokuhamba kwazo akahlukile: a umdlalo encane esandleni, flexion nokwelulwa. ngezinyawo omuntu lwakhiwa eminingi (kancane ezihambayo) amalunga nemisipha. Ngosizo lwabo, futhi inhlangano eyenziwa, umzimba womuntu lonkhe lusito labaludzingako. Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi amathambo womuntu we ephansi esitho ibhande kancane mobile kuka ithambo etholakalayo umnyango efanayo. Kodwa lo msebenzi akuyona ngaphansi akekho noma nezinye.

Njengoba ngeminyaka ukuthuthukisa nemilenze womuntu?

Sonke siyazi ukuthi ngesikhathi ukuphila sibhekana nezinguquko ezithile kanye amathambo endoda indoda. aphansi esitho skeleton sibhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu ngeminyaka. Amathambo, okuyinto eyenziwa ngesisekelo ezicutshini, kukhona izigaba ezintathu izinguquko zalo: ezicutshini, uqwanga bone. nethambo lenqulu: wabeka ngisho phakathi kwengane esiswini. Kwakheka ungqimba cartilaginous phakathi amathambo okhalo ukulondolozwa ngokuvamile ukuze nokuvuthwa bobulili phakathi kwabantu. Baphinde kosteneyut. Patella: iphuzu Ukuqina sekuyenzeka kungavuka ingane kudala njengoba yobudala 2, ngokugcwele kwenzekani endaweni ethile eminyakeni 7. Ngokuthakazelisayo, nemilenze aphansi e izingane osanda kuzalwa ezikhulayo isheshe kunabantu abadala. Isiqongo yokwanda okusheshayo nesikhathi zokuthomba: amantombazane - iminyaka 13-14; abafana - iminyaka 12-13.

Khumbula ukuthi lwamathambo omuntu kungaphansi ezihlukahlukene ukulimala ngesimo lapho lilimele ngisho nalapho waphuka. Njengoba wayiphathisa ukuqaliswa zalelo nani elikhulu imisebenzi ebalulekile emzimbeni, kufanele avikelwe. Ukudla (ukudla nge calcium eyanele kusiza ukuqinisa lolu hlaka lwamathambo) ukuhola yokuphila asebenzayo (umsebenzi kanye nezemidlalo), ukuqapha impilo yabo (noma ukushayisana ukusebenza skeleton ukuhlola uchwepheshe abanekhono) - konke okudingeka ukwenze kuwo wonke umuntu. Bese kuthi-ke ukuguga uzohlangana eyingqabavu, abantu banempilo futhi bajabule.