Amasiko amazwe aseRussia emakhulwini amabili neshumi nambili - izigaba eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa

Isiko lamazwe aseRussia emakhulwini e-12-13th ngenxa yochungechunge lokuhlukana kwe-feudal, ukwehlisa amandla kwe-Kiev. Izikhulu ezincane ze-feudal zikhula emaphethelweni ombuso owake waba khona. Ukwenyuka kwezinto ezinjalo kunomthelela ekwenzeni izikhungo zamasiko eziningana, eziye zahlukana kakhulu nethonya laseKiev futhi zazakhela izinkomba zazo ezihlukile. Enyakatho yeRussia yayimelelwa izikhulu zaseVladimir-Suzdal naseNovogorod, nasentshonalanga yiGalicia-Volynsky. Ukudweba, ukuklama, izincwadi, isayensi yemvelo - lezi yiziqondiso eziyinhloko ezibonisa isiko lamazwe aseRashiya 12-13 eminyaka. Sichaza kafushane lezi zindlela ezizansi ngezansi.

Izakhiwo

Isikhulu ngasinye saseRussia sathinte indima ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko. Ngokulingisa izinga eliphakeme le-Kiev kuzo zonke izikhungo zakhiwa njengokwakhiwa kukaSophia waseKiev, kusungulwe iSango legolide. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekulandiseni isitayela sakhe esikhethekile, isici sezakhiwo zasendulo. I-Vladimir Assumption Cathedral, iSonto Lokuncenga KwaseNerl, I-Dmitriyevsky Cathedral - ubuciko obudumile kakhulu bokuklama lapho isiko lamazwe aseRashiya amakhulu angama-12-13 amakhulu adumile.

Izincwadi. Birchbark

Izinhlamvu zokuqala kwi-birch bark zatholakala ku-Novgorod ngo-1951. Bavela kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuya kwele-12. Kamuva uBurchbark watholakala eHikkov, Vitebsk, Staraya Russa naseSmolensk. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi zincwadi zichaza izici zomphakathi zokuphila kwabantu ngalezo zinsuku. Kunezinyathelo zenkantolo, imiyalo yokuthanda kanye nokuphatha, imiyalo. Phakathi kokutholakala okubalulekile kwakuyizinhlamvu ezichaza ukuqeqeshwa ku-Old Rus. Njengoba kwaziwa, iningi labantu abahlala eRussia abavela emphakathini ohlukeneyo ngaleso sikhathi babengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Akukhona amadoda kuphela, kodwa futhi abesifazane bafundiswa hhayi kuphela ekufundeni nasekubhaleni.

Amabhuku nokuhunyushwa

Indawo enhle ezincwadini zaleso sikhathi yayizinikezelwe ezincwadini zenkolo. Isiko lamazwe aseRussia emakhulwini e-12 nesama-13 agcwele izinguqulo ezivela kuzo zonke izilimi ezaziwayo. Iningi elikhulu lezivumelwano zenkolo zahunyushwa ngesiRashiya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izincwadi zezwe zaqala ukuhunyushwa. Ama-biographies abantu abakhulu, izivumelwano zabo nezifiso zabo. Ngaleso sikhathi imibiko eminingi kanye nemibhalo yombhalo ibhalwe emazindlini. Uhlobo olusha lomsebenzi wokubhala - "izimfundiso" - lusakazekile. Izikhumbuzo zezincwadi ezidume kakhulu zisekhona nanamuhla: "Izimfundiso zikaMonomakh", "I-Lay of Igor's Host".

Isayensi yemvelo

Ukwandiswa kolwazi lwesayensi ngomuntu nendawo yonke kungenye yezinkombandlela eziyinhloko ezibonisa isiko lamazwe aseRussia emakhulwini eminyaka angu-12-13. Imibhalo yesandla yamazwe angaphandle echaza isakhiwo sezwe nendawo yonke, ukuhlukahluka kwesilwane kanye nesitshalo sezwe, lahunyushwa ngokujulile futhi lasakazwa. Yiqiniso, ngalezo zinsuku zonke izenzakalo zemvelo zahunyushwa kusukela ekubonweni kwezenkolo, kodwa imibhalo yanikeza imininingwane edingekayo ekucwaningweni kwesayensi yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukudweba kwekhulu le-12 le-13

Isiko samazwe aseRussia sibonakala ngokuvela kwesithombe se-Russianography. Le mkhuba wenkolo emidwebo weza evela eByzantium, kodwa kamuva yaguqulwa yaba yindlela yokusebenza yobuciko baseRashiya. Ukuziqhenya okunamandla kwezithombe zaseByzantine kwakuhambisana nokubuka komhlaba okujabulisayo kwamaSlav aseMpumalanga. Izihloko eziyinhloko zama-icons aseRussia agcinwe amagama ase-Byzantine. Isibonelo, i-Byzantine yahlala imifanekiso ejwayelekile kunazo zonke zeNdlovukazi: "Oranta" - ukuthandaza, "Odigidriya" - ebambe i-Infant ezandleni zakhe, "Eleusa" - ngokucindezela uMntwana. Izikhombisi ezimbili eziyinhloko zemidwebo yezithombe sezivele zikhethiwe - i-Novgorod, lapho kusetshenziselwa khona imibala ekhanyayo, egcwele, ne-Kiev, besebenzisa ama-shades amancane kanye nama-semitone.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuciko obusebenzayo nobuciko - ukudweba ngamatshe nangokhuni - kwasakazeka. Imidwebo yamatje yayihlotshaniswa ngamathempeli namakhosi amahle, futhi amaphethini amapulangwe ahlangana nazo ngisho nasempilweni yansuku zonke: ayehlotshiswe ngezinto zokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nezinto zokukhishi.

Naphezu kokuhlukaniswa kobuqili , isiko lamazwe aseRussia emakhulwini e-12 kuya kwelesishiyagalolunye lalisezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo okuqhubekayo kwavinjelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwamabutho aseTatar-Mongol emazweni aseRussia nokusungulwa kwejoka leHorde.