Zone Avikelayo yokucindezelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu igesi, medium and ongaphakeme

Njengamanje kunzima ukucabanga ngempilo yamadolobha amakhulu namadolobhana amancane, kanye namabhizinisi asezimboni ngaphandle kwesistimu yamaphayiphi esungulwe. Basebenzisa uketshezi namagesi, vumela abantu ukuba bashise izindawo zokushisa, kanye namabhizinisi - ukusebenza kahle. Kodwa-ke, ekuzuzeni ukutholakala kwamapayipi kagesi, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi igesi yokuxhumana iyingozi kakhulu, futhi umonakalo wabo ugcwele ingozi enkulu.

Kusukela Emlandweni Weziphazamisi ZaseGesi

Amapayipi okuqala kagesi asetshenziswa eChina lasendulo. I-bamboo yayisetshenziswa njengepayipi, kodwa kwakungekho ukucindezela ngokweqile emipayipi futhi igesi yanikezwa "amandla adonsela phansi". Ukuxhumeka kwamapayipi amanqamu kwakunezikhala ze-plexes, izikhungo ezinjalo zavumela amaShayina ukuba atshise futhi akhanyise amakhaya awo, aphule usawoti.

Amapayipi amachiza okuqala aseYurophu avela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Khona-ke igesi yayisetshenziselwa ukudala ukukhanya komgwaqo. Izibani zomgwaqo zokuqala zaziyizibani zamafutha, futhi ngo-1799 umFulentshi uLebon wanikeza izibani zethemmo ezikwazi ukukhanyisa nokushisa amakamelo. Lo mbono awusekelwe nguhulumeni, futhi wahlomisa indlu yakhe nezinkulungwane zezimpondo zamagesi, okwaze kwaba yilapho ukufa kwale injini kuhlala khona iParis. Ngo-1813 kuphela abafundi bakaLebon bakwazi ukuqala ukukhanyisa imizi ngale ndlela, kodwa lokhu kwase kusele eNgilandi. EParis, yawela eminyakeni eyisithupha, ngo-1819. Igazi lokushisa yamalahle lalisetshenziselwa ukushisa.

ISt. Petersburg yaqala ukushisa indawo, idlulisa igesi ngepayipi legesi ngo-1835, naseMoscow - ngo-1865.

Izinhlobo zamapayipi kagesi ngokuya ngokucindezela kwegesi phakathi kwazo kanye nendlela yokubeka

Iphayiphi yegesi yinto eyenziwe ngamapayipi, izinto ezisekela kanye nezinsiza ezisizayo ezenzelwe ukuletha igesi endaweni efunayo. Ukuhamba kwegesi kuqhutshwa njalo ngaphansi kwengcindezi, lapho izici zesigaba ngasinye zixhomeke khona.

Amapayipayipi kagesi ayinhloko noma ahambisa. I-gas yangaphambili yokuthutha ebangeni elide ukusuka esiteshini esisodwa sokusakaza igesi kuya kwesinye. Lezi zamuva zihloselwe ukulethwa kwegesi kusukela esiteshini sokusabalalisa kuya endaweni yokusetshenziswa noma yokugcina. Iphayiphi ingabandakanya eyodwa noma imigqa eminingana exhunywe ndawonye ngeteknoloji eyodwa yobuchwepheshe.

Amapayipi amancane kagesi afika ngezigaba ezimbili kuye ngokuthi ingcindezi yegesi ikuphi.

• Isigaba sokuqala samapayipi amancane kagesi asebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi kuze kufike ku-10 MPa.
• Isigaba sesibili samapayipayipi e-trunk gas aklanyelwe ukusebenza negesi, ingcindezi yayo ibe yi-2.5 MPa.

Amapayipayipi kagesi okusabalalisa ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu kuye ngokuthi ingcindezi yegesi iyini.

• Ukucindezela okuphansi. Igesi idluliselwa kubo ku-0.005 MPa.
• Ukucindezela okuphakathi. Ukudluliswa kwegesi kumapayipi anjalo kwenziwa ngokucindezela kuka-0.005 kuya ku-0.3 MPa.
• Ukucindezela okukhulu. Basebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi kusuka ku-0.3 kuya ku-0.6 MPa.

Olunye uhlobo luvumela ukuhlukanisa wonke amapayipi kagesi ngokuya ngendlela ababeka ngayo ngaphansi komhlaba, ngaphansi kwamanzi nangaphezulu komhlaba.

Iyini indawo yokuphepha yamaphayiphi kagesi futhi kuyini?

Lesi siqeshana somhlaba sihambisana nendawo ekhona yegayipi yegesi, ububanzi bayo buhlobo lombhobho wegesi futhi lusetshenziswa yimibhalo ekhethekile. Ukusungulwa kwezindawo zokuphepha zamapayipi omgesi kwenza kube lula ukuvimbela noma ukuvimbela ukwakhiwa endaweni yokuhamba kwephayiphi yegesi. Inhloso yendalo yakhe ukudala izimo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza kwephayiphi yegesi, ukugcinwa kwayo njalo, ukulondoloza ubuqotho, kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela yengozi engenzeka.

Kukhona "Imithetho yokuvikelwa kwamapayipi e-trunk," elawula ukusungulwa kwezindawo zokuphepha zamapayipi ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namapayipi kagesi ahambisa imvelo noma amanye amagesi.

Ukugcinwa komsebenzi wezolimo kuvunyelwe endaweni yendawo yokuvikela, kodwa ukwakhiwa kungavunyelwe. Ukusebenza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezikhona, izakhiwo kanye namanethiwekhi kumele kuhlanganiswe nenhlangano elawula futhi igcine iphayiphu yegesi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi engavunyelwe ukuba yenziwe endaweni yokuphepha nayo yakha ukwakhiwa kwemishini yokufakelwa kwemishini, imishini yomquba, imishini yokwehliswa, ukufakwa kwezicingo ezivimbela ukutholakala mahhala kwamapayipi, ukudalwa kwamadayimane nezikhungo zokugcina izinto, ukufakwa kwezinyathelo zokuphumula emgodini wegesi, nokufakwa kokuxhumana okungagunyaziwe.

Izici zendawo yokuphepha yamaphayiphi aphezulu kagesi

Indawo yokuphepha yebhayipayipi ye- high-pressure gas ye - 1 st no-2 isigaba ihlelwe ngendlela efanayo. Umsebenzi wabo ukuhlinzeka kwegesi kumanethiwekhi okusabalalisa okucindezela okuphansi naphakathi.

• Amapayipi omshini ophezulu wegesi wesigaba sokuqala asebenza negesi ngaphansi kwengcindezi esuka ku-0.6 MPa kuya ku-1.2 MPa, uma ehambisa igesi yemvelo noma ama-gas-air mix. Ngenxa yamagesi e-hydrocarbon ehamba ngendlela efakiwe, lo msindo awufanele udlule i-1.6 MPa. Indawo yabo yokuphepha ingu-10 m kuzo zombili izinkombandlela ezivela emgodini wephayiphi yegesi uma kusetshenzwa amapayipayipi kagesi nokusabalalisa kanye namamitha angu-50 e-trunklines ye-high-pressure gas, lapho igesi yemvelo ehamba khona. Endabeni yokuthutha igesi eligcwele amanzi, indawo yokuqapha ingamamitha ayi-100.
• Amapayipi amachiza aphezulu aphezulu wegesi lesigaba sesibili sokuthutha yemvelo, ingxube yomoya kanye negesi egcwele amanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi kusuka ku-0.3 kuya ku-0.6 MPa. Indawo yabo yokuphepha ingama-7 m, kanti uma kwenzeka igesi liyi-50 m yegesi yemvelo kanye ne-100 yegesi egcwele amanzi.

Inhlangano yendawo yokuphepha yamaphayiphi ephezulu kagesi

Indawo yokuphepha yebhayipayipi yegesi ephakeme yocingo ihlelwe yinhlangano yokusebenza ngesisekelo sephrojekthi echaza ucwaningo olwenziwe ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokwakhiwa nokukhishwa kwemvume. Ukulondoloza, imisebenzi elandelayo yenziwa.

• Njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, inhlangano esebenzisa amapayipi amancane kagesi kumele ikhumbuze abantu abazimele kanye nezinhlangano ezixhaphaza indawo ezindaweni ezivikelwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba kulezi zizabelo.
• Njalo ngonyaka umzila kufanele ucaciswe futhi, uma kunesidingo, wonke amadokhumenti akhishwe kuso kufanele alungiswe. Indawo yokuphepha yebhayipayipi yegesi ephezulu ivuselelwa ngokufanele.
• Indawo yokuphepha yebhayipayipi yegesi ephezulu ikhonjiswe ezingxenyeni zayo ezilandelanayo ngokuthunyelwe okukude ibanga elingaphezu kuka 1000 m (Ukraine) futhi engaphezu kuka-500 m (eRussia), zonke izingxenyana zokuzungeza ipayipi kufanele ziboniswe ikholomu.
• Izindawo zokuhlangana komgwaqo wegesi nemigwaqo yokuthutha kanye nezinye izinto zokuxhumana kufanele ziphawulwe ngamapuleti akhethekile, zikwazisa ukuthi kukhona indawo yokuhlukaniswa kwephayiphi yomsindo ophezulu wegesi. Ukuyeka ukuthutha ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuphepha ekhethiwe kuvunyelwe.
• Ikholomu ngayinye ifakwe ama-posters amabili ngolwazi ngokujula komkhondo, kanye nesiqondiso saso. Ipuleti yokuqala ifakwe ngokuqondile, enye enye ngamakhilomitha ngekhilomitha - engeni lika-degrees angu-30 ukuze kube khona ukulawula okubonakalayo emoyeni.

Izici zendawo yokuqapha yamapayipi kagesi we-pressure medium

Indawo yokuphepha yebhayipayipi yegesi yomsindo ophakathi ngokwemibhalo elawulayo ingamamitha ayi-4. Ngokuqondene nemigqa yokucindezela okukhulu, ifakwe ngesisekelo samadokhumenti ezobuchwepheshe anikezwe izinhlangano zokwakha. Isisekelo sokudala indawo yokuphepha nokuyisebenzisa ekuhleleni uhlelo luyisenzo esikhishwe uhulumeni wendawo noma iziphathimandla eziphezulu.

Indawo yokuphepha yepayipi yegesi yomsindo ophakathi iqala ukuba khona kwemingcele efana nalabo echazwe emigwaqweni ephakeme yokucindezela. Ukuze wenze noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokumba endaweni yokuphepha, kuyadingeka ukuthola imvume evela enhlanganweni ehlinzekwa le ngxenye yepayipi.

Ukumakwa kwezindawo zokuqapha ukucindezeleka okuphakathi kuyafana. Kumakholomu kufanele abekwe izimpawu ngolwazi egameni legayipi yegesi, ukulungiswa komzila, ibanga ukusuka epulatifeni kuya emkhakheni wepayipi, ubukhulu bendawo yokuphepha, izingcingo zokuxhumana nenhlangano ekhonza le ngxenye yepayipi. Izihlangu zivunyelwe ukuthi zifakwe ezisekelweni zamandla kagesi, amanethiwekhi wokuxhumana kanye nokulawula kanye namakholomu wokulinganisa.

Izici zendawo yokuvikela yamaphayiphi aphansi kagesi

Umsebenzi oyinhloko yamaphayiphini aphansi kagesi ukuhlinzeka ngegesi ngezindawo zokuhlala nezakhiwo, ezingahle zakhiwe futhi zimele. Ukuthutha ngosizo lwabo igesi eningi ayinzuzo, abathengi abakhulu-abasebenzisekayo abasebenzisi amanethiwekhi anjalo.

Indawo yokuphepha yomgqa wegesi ophansi wegesi ingu-2 m kuzo zombili izinkomba ukusuka ku-axis yokubeka i-pipe. Amapayipayipi anjalo kagesi ayingozi kakhulu, ngakho-ke indawo yokuphepha eyayizungezile ayifanele. Imikhawulo ekusebenzeni kwayo iyafana nalawo asetshenziselwe izindawo zokuvikela ezinye izinhlobo zephayiphu yegesi.

Indawo yokuphepha yebhayipayipi ephansi yegesi yocingo ibhalwe ngendlela efanayo nalezi ezimbili ezedlule. Uma amapuleti ahlanganiswayo aphuzi, khona-ke iphayiphi elibekiwe lenziwe nge-polyethylene. Uma kuluhlaza, impahla yombhobho insimbi. Ipuleti ayinayo i-red edging kusuka kumuntu ophezulu wepayipi eliphezulu.

Indawo yokuphepha yephayiphi yangaphandle yegesi

Iphayiphi yangaphandle yegesi yipayipi legesi elitholakala ngaphandle kwezakhiwo kuya kwidayimane noma enye idivaysi yokuvala, noma icala elivumela ukungena esakhiweni ngencwadi yangaphansi komhlaba. Kungatholakala ngaphansi komhlaba, kube ngaphezu komhlaba noma ngaphezu komhlaba.

Kwemipayipi yegesi yangaphandle, imithetho elandelayo yokunquma izindawo zokuphepha zikhona:

• Indawo yokuphepha yebhayipu yangaphandle yegesi emigwaqweni ingamamitha amabili ukusuka ngakunye ngakwesokunxele.

• Uma iphayiphi ingaphansi komhlaba futhi yakhiwa ngamapayipi e-polyethylene kanye nethusi yethusi isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa umzila, khona-ke indawo yokuvikela yomgwaqo wegesi ongaphansi komhlaba kulolu cala uthola ucingo 3 m, nangakolunye uhlangothi - 2 m.
• Uma iphayiphi yegesi yakhiwa emhlabathini owomileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiyiphi impahla yombhobho, indawo yayo yokuqapha ingamamitha ayi-10 ngaphesheya kwe-pipe axis.
• Uma iphayiphu yegesi ingena ngaphakathi futhi iwela endaweni ekhonjiwe noma izindawo ezigcwele shrubbery, indawo yayo yokuvikela ingamamitha angu-3 kuzo zombili izinkomba ukusuka ku-axis. Zihlelwe ngendlela yama-glades, ububanzi bawo bungamamitha ayi-6.
• Indawo yokuphepha yamapayipi kagesi aphakathi kwezihlahla ezide zilingana nokuphakama kwawo okuphezulu ukuze ukwehla komuthi kungabangeli umonakalo ebuqothweni bombala legesi.
• Indawo yokuphepha yephayiphi yegesi yangaphandle ehamba ngaphansi kwamanzi emifuleni, emagodini noma emachibini ngamamitha ayi-100. Ingabonwa njengebanga phakathi kwezindiza ezimbili ezifanayo ezidlula imigqa yemingcele enemibandela.

Indlela yokufaka indawo yokuphepha yephayiphi ethile yegesi

Indawo yokuphepha yamaphayiphi kagesi ingenye yezindawo ezinomthetho okhethekile wokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona indawo yokuvikeleka enhlanzekile yalezi zakhiwo, imithetho ebekwe yiSanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03.

Ngokusho kwe-Annex 1 yale mithetho, indawo yokuhlanza i-pipeline ye-gesi ephakeme kakhulu ixhomeke ekucindezelweni kwepayipi, ububanzi bayo, kanye nohlobo lwezakhiwo nezakhiwo mayelana nokuthi ibanga libalwe.

Indawo ehlanzekile kunazo zonke eziphuma emifuleni nezinye izidumbu zamanzi, kanye nokufakwa kwamanzi kanye nezinsiza zokunisela ngamamitha angu-25 emipayipi yegesi eyinhloko nanoma yikuphi ububanzi nohlobo.

Indawo evikelekile enkulu yebhayipayipi yegesi ephakeme kakhulu iyadingeka, uma kungumbuzo wepayipi eyinhloko yegesi yokuqala yegesi ene-1200 mm emadolobheni, emizaneni yezwe kanye nezinye izindawo zokuxubana. Kulesi simo, ubude bendawo ye-sanitary bufinyelela ku-250 m.

Idatha eyengeziwe mayelana nezindawo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo yamapayipi amancane kagesi wegesi nemvelo egcwele amanzi angatholakala ematafuleni ahambisana nalo mbhalo. Amapayipi athutha igesi egcwele amanzi, izindawo ezihlanzekile zanda kakhulu.

Ukuphulwa kwendawo yokuphepha yamaphayiphi kagesi. Imiphumela yezomthetho kanye nemvelo

Ukuphulwa kwendawo yokuvikela yephayiphi yegesi kungabangela ingozi eyenziwe ngabantu, umlilo noma ukuqhuma. Isizathu sabo singase sibe ukuthungwa okungagunyaziwe ezindaweni zokuphepha ngaphandle kokuvumelana nenhlangano ehlinzekwa ipayipi, ukuwa kwemithi, ukulimala kwezimoto.

Okungcono kakhulu, kuyoba nokuphulwa kokugxeka, ekubi kakhulu - epayiphini kuyoba khona ukuphahlazeka nezinye iziphambeko ezizogcina zidale ukuvuza kwegesi. Ukukhubazeka okunjalo akukwazi ukuvela ngokushesha futhi ngesikhathi kuphela kubangela isimo esiphuthumayo.

Ukulimala kwamapayipayipi kagesi ngenxa yokwephulwa kwezindawo zokuvikeleka kujeziswa yinkokhelo enkulu yokuphatha, encike ekungenikeni komonakalo. Ukubhujiswa kwezakhiwo nezakhiwo ezakhiwe endaweni yendawo yokuphepha kwenziwa yisinqumo senkantolo yokuphatha.

Ukuthungwa okungagunyaziwe, ukutshala okungagunyaziwe kwezihlahla kanye nezihlahla, ukuhlelwa kwemincintiswano yezemidlalo, ukubekwa kwemithombo yomlilo, ukwakha izakhiwo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemigodi yesihlabathi, kanye nokudoba izinhlanzi, ukusebenza ekujuleni noma ukuhlanza phansi futhi ukuchelela izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi amapayipi zijeziswa ngehlawulo Ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-5.

Izindawo zokuvikeleka ekwakhiweni kwemipayipi yegesi: ukwabiwa komhlaba kanye nokwakhiwa

Ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi indawo yokuphepha yamaphayiphi kagesi okufanele isetshenziswe kuleso simo ngasinye sizosizwa yiMithethonqubo Yokuvikelwa Kwezingcingo Zokusabalalisa Gesi. Ngokuvamile le mibhalo, kanye nezinye izimvume, inikezwa ngabaqambi. Umbuzo othi ngubani ozokwenza umsebenzi wokusebenzisana kanye nezinsizakalo ezisebenzela amanethiwekhi, kanye neziphathimandla zendawo, kunqunywe isivumelwano somsebenzi. Inhlangano eyenza iphrojekthi kufanele ibe nelayisensi yalezi zindlela zomsebenzi.

Isigaba sokuqala sokwakha indawo yokuphepha yilapho kwenziwa ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa okuphezulu. Inhloso yalo enkulu ukuhlola ukufaneleka kwezibophezelo kanye nokulandela kwabo imibhalo yokuklama.

Umphumela wale nhlolovo yizixhumanisi ezihlanjululweyo zamaphuzu ezilinganiso zomzila oqedile, indawo, inombolo kanye nejometri yezakhi kanye nezingxenye zepayipi legesi, kanye namaphuzu okulawula, efakwe ngamamitha, amamitha, ama-hydraulic fracturing kanye ne-GRU, asekela nezinye izakhiwo.

Izindawo zokuphepha zokuthungatha amagesi ezinqunyelwe i-gas zithathwa yiMithethonqubo evunyelwe ngo-20.11.2000 ngu-Government Decision No. 878.

Izindawo zokuphepha zamandla kagesi zilawulwa yiMithethonqubo evunywe yi-Ministry of Fuel and Energy ngo-29.04.1992 noGostehnadzor (No. 9) ngo-22.04.1992.

Umphumela wale misebenzi iyibalazwe noma icebo lento yokuphatha umhlaba enesivumelwane nabanikazi noma abasebenzisi bezakhiwo zomhlaba lapho kusetshenzwa khona ipayipi. Ikhophi eyodwa yecala lokuphatha umhlaba kule sayithi idluliselwa emibuthweni yombuso yokubhalisa umhlaba.