Imibhalo Technical - uhlu design and umhlobiso

Ukuze onjiniyela ngasiphi ezingeni futhi kunoma iyiphi indawo ye welithi "imibhalo normative-technical" lihlotshaniswa imiqulu amanothi achazayo kanye nemidwebo amakhilomitha. I townsfolk futhi sibhekene ngemibhalo yomsebenzi ekhaya. Zonke imiyalelo ezisebenza, iziqondiso komsebenzisi kanye nokunye isiqondiso esibalulekile mayelana nokusetshenziswa ilungile futhi ephephile endlu Imishini - liphinde ngemibhalo yomsebenzi.

Kodwa iningi imibhalo project ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha noma design ezimbonini.

imiqondo Jikelele

Njengoba izichazamazwi kuchazwa, amadokhumenti wobuchwepheshe - iqoqo umbhalo, izithombe, futhi yenziwe ibukeke (models, imidwebo) izinto ezichaza ukusebenza, ubuchwepheshe, ubunjiniyela kanye izixazululo ukugcwaliseka ukukhiqizwa kwanoma yiphi impahla noma ukwakhiwa nokwenza umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo.

Kugwenywe ukungaqondi kahle wonke amadokhumenti zidalwe ngesifanekiso aqine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa ngamazwe ngokuya lisibeka nemibandela onjiniyela babo bonke amagatsha. Amadokhumende yesimanje phrojekthi ihlanganiswe ukuze ochwepheshe abavela emazweni ehlukene kwavela ukungafani.

Kulesi sekuholela ukuthuthukisa imibhalo lobuchwepheshe ezenzakalelayo. izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene computer ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke jikelele.

Security - ngaphezu kwakho konke

Noma iyiphi iphrojekthi isebenza, futhi ikakhulukazi - ukwakhiwa noma ukwakha kabusha kungaholela ezingozini ezingadingekile kubasebenzisi abahlala umcimbi sokungalandeli umthetho ukuphepha.

Sikhuluma ukuphepha hhayi kuphela kubulawa imisebenzi ethile, kodwa futhi ukusebenza komhiaba noma iyunithi. Ngakho design ukuphathwa Ukhulelwe imbala kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zempilo wabanikazi bayo, futhi umshini wokuwasha isisekelo abampofu hhayi kuphela abangela short circuit, kodwa kungase kumkhathaze umlilo. Yini ukusho mayelana "akwanele oqondile" emakhoneni ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo.

Ngakho-ke, imibhalo project ithuthukiswe ngokuhlanganyela uMnyango wezokuPhepha. Noma yimuphi bomklamo umqondo kumele ngaphansi ukugxekwa noma unempilo ukuba ihlolwe in practice.

Izikhungo Safety

Ngaphezu ukusetshenziswa yokugcina ephephile of ekhiqizwa ukuphepha umkhiqizo izilawuli zesevisi kanye kakhulu ngokuqhubeka komsebenzi. Ikakhulu, i-izici zokuphepha yomnyango:

• ukulawula ukugujwa nokuphepha emsebenzini,
• umsebenzi yenhlangano ku izinyathelo sanitary kwenhlanzeko,
• nokuvimbela ukulimala emsebenzini emsebenzini,
• yesondlo umsebenzi nokuvinjelwa kwezifo emsebenzini,
• ukulawula ukusetshenziswa Ukuvikelwa ngesikhathi umsebenzi okuhleliwe (uma kunesidingo),
• ekuphuculeni nokuphepha emsebenzini kanye ekufezeni imisebenzi yokwakhiwa.

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, wonke amadokhumenti wobuchwepheshe kumele sibukwe ngochwepheshe yomnyango yokuvikela zabasebenzi. Iqiniso ukuthi umsebenzi esinjalo kwenziwe, wathi uphawu ukuvumelana emakhasini isihloko imidwebo noma inothi ochazayo.

I elihlanganisiwe design - kuyinsakavukela yesimanje

Ukuthuthukiswa iphrojekthi, ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa, kudinga umsebenzi ahlangene zonke ochwepheshe. Phela, umqondo umakhi kungenziwa bakwenze ngezindlela eziningana. Economist eMnyangweni Safety bazokwazi ukuthola isixazululo ofanele kakhulu. Umhlangano ahlangene bonke abathintekayo ochwepheshe design kuyokwenza ukhethe engcono ukuxazulula le nkinga.

Ukwenza lula isinqumo lolusetjentiswa normative - ngemibhalo yomsebenzi. Lolu uhlu lwemithetho izimfuneko ukuqaliswa imisebenzi esemqoka nasizayo, okuyizinto zifane futhi kumele kusetshenziswe kungakhathaliseki imininingwane yephrojekthi. Lezi zindinganiso kufake tinhlobonhlobo izivakashi namazinga, imithetho kanye neziphakamiso esikhishwe isimo izinhlangano yesayensi ezingokoqobo nezinhlangano.

I zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele imibhalo project

Eqinisweni, imidwebo ingafundwa yinoma yimuphi umakhi abanolwazi noma locksmith. Esesebenze inkampani isikhathi eside, inkosi inkosi imibhalo project ulimi futhi ukhululekile ukuyisebenzisa. Kodwa lokhu sibi.

Ukuqinisekisa izinga lomsebenzi nokulandela iziqondiso zokuphepha kuyadingeka ukuba bonke abasebenzi ayesezithendeni okungenani secondary education amakhono. Lokhu kungabi sengxenyeni amaphutha ukufunda imidwebo kanye neziqondiso kuhlanganise nokwenza umsebenzi usheshe zokukhiqiza.

I imigomo efanayo futhi ngemibhalo yomsebenzi kohlelo. washayelwa futhi yakhelwe izidingo eziyisisekelo, imithetho namamethrikhi lula design; I-ethize sesibopho ukuthobisa isimo sezwe kuchazwe tolerances kanye ngeziphambeko; ukuze ugweme Ukufundwa yokuphambuka umdwebo imibhalo athuthukile netimiso ezivamile nezimfuneko.

GOST futhi ASAP (imibhalo iphrojekthi ukwakhiwa kohlelo) azisetshenziselwa ezimakethe zasekhaya umbuso, kodwa futhi ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba. Njengoba sekushiwo, izinto lokhu kungenxa ukuhlanganiswa global zokukhiqiza kuso nokusenza umkhuba edonsa Ochwepheshe ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Kanjani ukuqala design

Noma iyiphi iphrojekthi ayikwazi ukuqala okungenasisekelo. Isisekelo design ngokuvamile okusetshenzelwa, idatha yoqobo futhi izifiso ikhambi ezakhiwo iphrojekthi. On isisekelo yabo okulungiselelwe iphakheji kwemibhalo abaklami eyala ahlobene - abaklami abaklami, prochnistov (onqumayo amandla ukuqina izakhiwo kanye izimpahla ezisetshenziselwa), osomnotho, njll

Zonke Ochwepheshe ewumngcingo lisebenze ukulandelana ezithile. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi baye bafeza ingxenye yabo yephrojekthi, uchwepheshe nje ekhohlwa yiso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba kusondela umklami ngamunye okwalandela iqala iqembu design eduze. Kungase kube nezimo lapho izinqumo zithathwa phambi design okwengeziwe umthetho. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba ubuyele emuva bese uthole ezinye izindlela.

Umthamo imibhalo project

Yiqiniso, akukho definition ecacile nenani lamakhasi e amanothi achazayo noma imidwebo ezinikeza umbono ophelele iphrojekthi. Kodwa nemisebenti lephatsekako emkhakheni design kusikisela ukuthi imininingwane kakhulu njengoba ukulimaza umphumela wokugcina, kanye nenani elincane imidwebo, imidwebo imidwebo.

Ukuze Ukusabalala okuphelele ngokunemba kubulawa imisebenzi ngokuvumelana imibhalo project ASAP kuchazwe lobuchwepheshe uhlu imibhalo. It ulawula izigaba saziso ezidinga saveza umklamo.

Okuqukethwe ngemibhalo yomsebenzi yephrojekthi

1. Esishoyo Note - idokhumenti wombhalo oqukethe izincazelo ezidingekayo futhi izibalo.
2. Uzungu wesifunda layout - sokunquma ilungiselelo mutual izinto esiqeshini ekhethiwe.
3. izixazululo Architectural - kwencazelo ukubukeka mbumbulu kwezakhiwo kanjalo nezinhlaka.
4. izinqumo isikhala-ukuhlela Design - sokunquma zibheke imiklamo yezakhiwo kanye lakhetsiwe emapanini.
5. Uhlu imisebenzi yobunjiniyela - belinganisa kungenzeka uxhumano into Umbuso amanethiwekhi (ugesi, kwamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle, Ukushisa kanye umoya omncane; uma kunesidingo - igesi ukunikezela supply zokuxhumana); ukuklama amanethiwekhi yangaphakathi.
6. Inhlangano iphrojekthi sikhungo - kwencazelo ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo iningi izinto zokwakha kanye nokuphathwa kwabasebenzi.
7. Izinyathelo ukuvikela imvelo - izinhlelo ukuze kulondolozwe esiphezulu endaweni ezungezile kanye ngcono yayo.
8. Fire ukuphepha - izinyathelo nokuvinjelwa nesenzakalo nemililo zokucisha.
9. I Isilinganiso iphrojekthi - umphumela yezindleko ukwakhiwa into.

Kwezinye izimo, imibhalo lobuchwepheshe kungenziwa kulekelelwa izigaba ezimboze kuhle kwegezi phrojekthi. Akuvamile avele izigaba eziphathelene ukufinyelela into (ezifana ukwakhiwa noma kakade kuqedile) ekhubazekile, ukubhidliza izakhiwo noma Ukudilizwa amaphrojekthi ezikhona kwi izikhungo ukwakhiwa indawo nokunye. N.

Ukwenza amadokhumenti wobuchwepheshe Kufanele futhi ihambisane nezidingo kanye neziphakamiso GOST.

Ukuqamba kanye nomklamo imibhalo

Ngokuvamile lapho kwakhiwa isikhungo has ukusebenzisa emisha ezahlukene. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuvamile kakhulu okuthiwa owodwa ucezu izinto. Ezinhlelweni ejwayelekile Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo izakhiwo zezimboni kukancane noma yini ukusishintsha noma ukusebenzisa izinto zobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Kodwa amaphrojekthi kombhali zidinga ezintsha izixazululo ukuze kuqaliswe ukusebenza ngokugcwele imibono umakhi sika.

Kulezi zimo, a imibhalo yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, okuyinto ngaphezu zonke izigaba ngenhla, kukhona isahluko enikelwe inkolelo yesayensi kanye nokuchazwa okushiwo emisha. Ngokuvamile kuba ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke engavamile, noma ukusetshenziswa izibalo ubunjiniyela non-eziwubala.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the project kanye nokubhala

Phakathi kubulawa imisebenzi ngephrojekthi kubalulekile ukulungisa ezinye izenzo kanye nemingcele - isibonelo, inani valve efakwe ezindongeni isakhiwo Monolithic. Hlola lokhu kuphela ngesikhathi umsebenzi zokukhiqiza. Lapho beqeda wokwakha lapho ukhonkolo Uqinisa, hlola langempela khona valve kuyoba cishe kungenakwenzeka.

Ngakho-ke, ngamunye isenzo esinjalo ithumba mphathi ngemibhalo yomsebenzi - imiphumela izilinganiso geodetic, izitifiketi sokuhambisana kanye nekhwalithi izinto, izenzo imisebenzi ezifihliwe, .. Ukubika imibhalo ucwaningo kanye ukuhlolwa, njll iyothathwa omuhle ngesisekelo yonke imiqulu ngesikhathi isikhungo isinqumo.

kokuhlaziywa Isazi yephrojekthi

Ezimweni eziningi, wonke amaphrojekthi wokwakha kumelwe ibhekane Ukubuyekeza kontanga. Kulindeleke ukuthi ochwepheshe bayokwazisa iphrojekthi ahanjiselwe kuhambisana kwezinkambiso ekhona namazinga ngiyiphe omuhle yayo (in the case of nesikhathi) noma kube kubi (lokungafani iziqondiso kusebenza) esiphethweni.

Emacaleni angakajayeleki angadingi ukuhlolwa uchwepheshe kungenziwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: ukwakhiwa lezinto ezincane ezingelutho imodeli amaphrojekthi.