Zamagama ongumTopiya. Ethiopian Abugida. Kungani zamagama Ethiopia iyafana-Armenian

zamagama Ethiopia - ukubhala uhlelo zokubhala ulimi etemibhalo nabezenkolo Ge'ez, kanye Amharic, Tigre futhi Tigrinya elisetshenziswa Ethiopia (Abyssinia), nase-Eritrea. Ngokusobala, kwakukhona kusukela eNingizimu zamaSemite lokubhala Sabaean ekuqaleni we IV. Nokho, umbono abacwaningi ukuthi lapho zamagama Ethiopia yadalwa, washintsha. Libuye engaziwa ukuthi lokhu kuwumphumela kwemvelo kancane kancane ngokubhala noma kwathiwa elenziwa oyedwa. Namuhla, kucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlamvu ziye zashintsha kancane kancane, futhi onkamisa zibangelwa umsebenzi omunye umbhali. Imibhalo eqoshiwe Ilondolozwe IV leminyaka. ngolimi Ge'ez, eyabhalwa Sabian kanye okuhlukile incwadi ongumTopiya.

Abugida siqukethe 26 izinhlamvu, konke okuyizinto ongwaqa. Kulesi uhlamvu eziyisisekelo ke zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela syllabic ngokungeza ngokukhala abafanele. 24 zathathwa izinhlamvu 28 zamagama ne kwalokho graphemes Sabaean ukuqoka uzwakale "p", okuyinto kwaba hhayi umthombo. izinhlamvu Ukudluliselwa, kunokusebenza izilimi Sabaean nezinye zamaSemite - kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla. Mhlawumbe lena yiyona ndlela umoya ongcwele ngesiGreki.

buka okunye

Umlando ebhaliwe Ge'ez akulula kangako ukulandela, ezifana Latin. Izazimlando ziye wayenqabile ukubonana ngo abantu base-Afrika Abadali yokuqala isiko, okuyinto yanda futhi yaqhubeka ikhona amakhulu eminyaka esimweni ekhethekile yayo. Ayengaziqondi ke, ngaphandle kokuphelelwa ubandlululo ayenalo futhi hhayi kubuyeketa indlela yayo. Inkolelo evamile isihloko ucwaningo Ge'ez izinhlelo kuyinto t. N. Paradigm zangaphandle. Lo mqondo ukuthi sillabary kwadingeka ukuba zivela endaweni ethile, ikakhulukazi kusukela Peninsula Okwe lasendulo. Lokhu kuzokwenza umthombo akuyona "black" Afrika, kodwa-Middle East Asia, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa inkolelo zobandlululo ukuthi abamnyama abakwazanga ukuba nezincwadi namasiko ngesikhathi lapho impumelelo abaseFenike babehlala usanda. Ngisho nanamuhla, lo mbono Eurocentric nekubeka e Ge'ez isigaba zamaSemite, hhayi ezilimini zase-Afrika. Ubandlululo, okuyinto olandela cwaninga umsuka izincwadi Ethiopia, ibonakala ngisho umlando kutholwa yisayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, Silviya Pankherst encwadini "Ethiopia: umlando namasiko" uthi abokufika baseNingizimu Arabhiya, bafika ne-ulwazi ukusetshenziswa izinsimbi, tillage, nezimvu, namahhashi, amakamela, izitshalo ewusizo, sikhali engcono, ezifana umkhonto esikhulu iloliwe, futhi cishe round lesikhumba avikele ukuthi amaqhawe bendawo kuze kube muva nje. Futhi nomthelela ukwakhiwa kwezindlu eyenziwe ngetshe, ngokuletha nalo izitayela yezakhiwo kanye namasu ukwakhiwa, ubuciko bokubhala kanye amahle zamagama ongumTopiya. Ukuze ngentuthuko impucuko Ethiopia ubuciko ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izifiki Arab ayenokuhlangenwe, yena eloba.

Kungenzeka ukuthi geez uhlelo uthola ukuthi ivelaphi kuphela ngendlela yokubhala yamaGibhithe, njengoba ezabhalwa Latin, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ezikude kungase kubonakale. Ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ibhala enjalo iseduze Ancient Egypt Kwaqala ukuya uhambo olude empumalanga eNingizimu ye-Arabia, bese ubuyele emuva Ethiopia ukuthuthukisa ku ezakheke sokugcina, ngokusho kwabaphikisi kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela linqoba kubonakala kakhulu uyimbudane. Ngakho-ke, bayakukholelwa asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi abathengisi waseGibhithe, nababhali, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lesi simiso hieroglyphs kungukuthi ukusakaza ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke ebhodini.

Ukwakheka Abugida

Ge'ez zamagama siqukethe izinhlamvu 182. Kuyinto kungalungile ukusho ukuthi bonke graphemes eziyisisekelo 26 konke okuyizinto ongwaqa, kanye nezinye ezakhiwe imivimbo eyengeziwe kanye ukuhlela kabusha ezenziwe bobunjwa eziyisisekelo ukuze kubhekiselwe endaweni eyikhaya umsindo unkamisa, noma ukulungisa wongwaqa eziyisisekelo. Ngo Geez usonhlamvukazi kanye ezincane akuzona letihloniphekile, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-alfabhethi Latin ekhulwini VII. Ayikho ligatures noma ezinye modifiers (njengoba e G futhi g), kanye nezimpawu zokubhala kancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, iziqhathaniso ngokunembe kakhudlwana usonhlamvukazi (a), letincane (A), kanye namagama kanye nokugqamisa amamaki (e) e zamagama Latin kumele kucatshangwe graphemes ehlukile njengoba Kunoma iyiphi incwadi, okungenzeka ezihlobene nazo izimpawu zokuloba ezithile ( 's). Kodwa ngisho Kulokhu sillabary geez okuningi.

yizinhlobonhlobo Geez

zamagama Ethiopia kuyindlela yokuthola kuvumelana kwetinhlavu amagama nemisindo hhayi kuphela. It has izakhiwo 5th eziyisisekelo: pictographic, Ideographic, Astrographic, ukubhula ngezinombolo sillabograficheskim. Abugida futhi ewusizo uhlaziye uhlamvu lilonke. Amandla ayo zisikisela ukuthi nombono wanamuhla ubhala ewumngcingo kakhulu futhi kungagcini izici zayo zefilosofi, zenkolo, ngokolimi zomlando.

Pictograms

Geez ohlangothini olungokomfanekiso uthi sillabary livela izithombe ungenisa noma bakopisha besebenzisa imvelo kanye nokuxhumana womuntu nalo. Imodeli eyisisekelo uhlelo pictographic futhi umthombo zamagama Latin mTopiya kukhona hieroglyphs waseGibhithe. Geez - is adonswa ulimi olungokomfanekiso. Isibonelo isithonjana kuyinto incwadi yesibili በ (BA), e ukubheja (indlu), okuyinto umnyango eliqoshiwe. elementi Pictographic iyabonakala futhi encwadini ሀ (ha), kuqala 'ingonyama' izwi, zamagama futhi yonke.

imibono

Ideography, geez impahla yesibili kusho ukuthi izinhlamvu zamagama ukumela imibono ehlukene, amagugu, ifilosofi, ukuhleleka emphakathini. uhlamvu ngalunye main has 7 ongakhetha, emele umsindo unkamisa elandela. Ikilasi ngalinye lihlotshaniswa izakhi ezahlukene ngemibono. Ngokwesibonelo, lesithupha ረ (RA) has Re'es ububanzi (umholi, umphathi noma induna). Amagama ezihlobene lesithupha, njengoba umthetho, eyakho ubuholi wokuziphilisa, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni Re'esa Mange'st (inhloko yezwe).

ikhalenda

Astrography noma ibalazwe lezinkanyezi futhi yingakho, ikhalenda isici sesithathu Geez. Uhlelo ehlanganisa amakilasi 26 futhi 7 ezahlukeneyo zalo ngokuvamile kuba 182 izinhlamvu syllabic. Lona kube isigamu sabamemezeli 364, okuyinto ingxenye noma inani lezinsuku phakathi nelanga. Ikhalenda Ethiopia zonke izinyanga aqukethe izinsuku ezingu-30, ngaphandle ngenyanga olwengeziwe, kuze kube nini nanini izinsuku ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha kuphela. Semester iqala ngo-April 1 no-Okthoba 1. Ngamunye izinhlamvu 182 ingenye usuku. Usuku olwengeziwe ekhalendeni entshonalanga akunakubangelwa ukungalungi phakathi bonyaka futhi equinoctial. 7 ukwahlukahlukana ekilasini ngalinye izinsuku ezingu-7 ngesonto, uthome Ge'ez (ngeSonto) ziphethe Shabat (ngoMgqibelo).

ukubhula

Ngalinye incwadi zamagama uhambelana value kwamanani ezisukela 1 kuya 5600. Ziyakwazi amakhodi Ethiopia Mystic uhlelo esoteric. I amanani ezinombolo graphite, futhi amazwi eTestamenteni Elidala ukusiza nencazelo yalo futhi unikeze nakomaka ngekhanda ngoba kuphindza acoce ngomlomo. Ngokwesibonelo, igama Abrahama elihambisana ukubaluleka zezinombolo 60 (40 + 9 + 6 + 1 + 4), okuyinto lapho ihlukaniswe ngenani izimpawu (5) ngenxa obumba inombolo 12, elihambisana inani izindlu Israyeli.

Kungani zamagama Ethiopia iyafana Armenia?

Nakuba zonke lezi zincwadi ngenxa yolimi kude, banezizathu zifana ngokomzimba sobala, ngisho ngaphezulu izinhlamvu ezifanayo. Amazwe nezilimi zabo ziye zashintsha ngayodwana, ahlukaniswe ibanga lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane 3.5. Km zwe futhi andle. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ubhala Geez, ngokuthi Fidel, uvele kuneNingizimu Armenia samanje, futhi kunezinkolelo-mbono eziningi eziphathelene ubudlelwane phakathi kwazo. Omunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ethandwa kakhulu kusekelwe wonke umlando omude yobuKristu kula mazwe: Armenia ngokusemthethweni yaba isizwe umKristu wokuqala kakhulu 301 AD. e, futhi Abyssinia -. wesibili e 316

Around 406 ka umsebenzi wokudala lwezinhlamvu entsha ngoba lanikezwa St Mesrop Mashtots Omkhulu Armenia. Izakhamuzi amazwe bafuna ukuziqhelelanisa lithi ezizungezile futhi izinkolo wazama ukuyinqoba. Kukholakala ukuthi Mesrop beyohlanganyela amaKristu yaseTopiya waya eJerusalema, futhi wabenza lingomunye wemibhalo yenkolo. Ukube iBhayibheli e Ge'ez ulimi, kungenzeka ngempela ukuthi waboleka ezinye izimpawu ukuqedela zamagama wakhe sidle. Armenia futhi Abyssinia babe States zazo bebhekene nenkinga efanayo - iminyaka eminingi babengamaqhawe Izizwe kuphela izifunda zabo futhi abadinga izincwadi zenkolo efanayo.

I UCLA Library has a Iqoqo lemibhalo yesandla Armenia kwekhulu XIV., Kubandakanya ivangeli GLADZOR. Ziqukethe agcwele ikhasi emincanyana, ngokucebile ehlotshiswe amakhalenda, imihlobiso esiyinkimbinkimbi ekumeni yabangcwele kufakwe umbhalo omkhulu. imibhalo yesandla eminingi Ethiopia ezibhaliwe futhi ahlotshiswa abe makhulu kakhulu, imigqa mkhulu futhi evince isandla umculi futhi umbhali owabadala. Umbhalo ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ngokwesiko abhalwe inki ezimnyama, imihlobiso ngokuvamile ababulawa ngemibala yemvelo. charm yabo itholakala abanye ezingeni tactility futhi ukukhululeka.

Oxhumana phakathi kwamasiko amabili

abantu Armenia futhi Ethiopia bahlanganiswe enomlando omude wokukhonza ubungani, kodwa saqala ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa emibhalweni yabo zadalwa. Nazi izibonelo ezimbili sigqame. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI. umthengisi Armenia esima esigodlweni indlovukazi Ethiopian. Waba inxusa ngowokuqala Abyssinia ePortugal. Isimo nzima yokuthi amaPutukezi wayengakholelwa ukuthi wayezimisele ukunikela Armenia, ngempela iqiniso, ungubani luziveza, ngisho kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu lapho ebuyela emuva. muva Elinye icala ezenzeka esikhathini 1920 ekuseni. Ngemva Genocide Armenia Umqhele iSikhulu Ethiopia, Ras Tafari wahlangana eJerusalema izintandane 40 kusukela e-Armenia. Wayelethwa ngakho umxhwele ukuthi zonke yokutholwa wathatha esandleni sakhe ezweni lakubo. Wabanika zemfundo zomculo, nezingane 40 Armenia kwakheka isikhulu soMbuso-orchestra wokuqala kuleli zwe. Ndawonye baqamba Imperial Ethiopia liculo lesive, okuyinto ayizange ithuthuke kube ngu-1974.

uphawu Afrika

Ethiopian Abugida okuphambene uhlelo ngezinhlamvu ku ukuxhumana kwayo ne-olimini olukhulunywayo. Nakuba isidingo sokufunda okuningi uhlamvu, ngomqondo, bona lula isipelingi. Ukujabulela syllabary avumele amaphutha ambalwa, ngoba la mazwi izwakala lokubhala ifonotiki, ngokubhala nje isuke ibangelwa ethize zalo, noHezekeli. Eqinisweni, Abugida kusivumela ukubhala noma yiliphi igama kunoma yiluphi ulimi. Afrika Ge'ez ingenye ngezilimi endala elotshwe emhlabeni. It uhlala ingashintshiwe iminyaka 2000, liwubufakazi nezimo zalo nezindlela ezintsha imisindo ukuhlela. Kubhala - lolimi isici hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi indlela ugxumela izwe lasendulo e-Afrika, ifilosofi kanye sezinkolelo kuphela athuthukile umphakathi ekuseni.