Yiziphi iziqu zokuqala: incazelo kanye nesipelingi

Noma yiliphi igama liqukethe izingxenye, okuyizilimi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-morphemes. Okubaluleke kunazo zonke yimpande. Iqukethe incazelo enkulu. Ufana nendlu esisekelweni, lapho izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zengezwa khona ngezimo zezingqinamba (ama-affixes) nama-prefixes (prefixes), zifakwe, uma kungenzeka, nokuphela. Futhi isikhathi ngasinye emva kokwakha okunjalo, ukuqokwa kwekhaya kungashintsha kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa isithombe, kodwa lokhu kufanele ukwazi: yiziphi iziqu zokuqala, yiziphi ezintsha ezinikeza ngencazelo yegama futhi azifihleli ngokwayo ingozi.

Yiziphi iziqu zokuqala?

Yini emele ngaphambi kwempande, ekuqaleni kwegama, yisiqalo. Isiqalo sibhekisela ekubalulekile kwe-morphemes, ngoba umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko imfundo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi igama alikwazi ukuba nesimiso esisodwa (ezimbili, ezintathu), konke kubhaliwe ndawonye. Kodwa ungakwenza lokhu ngaphandle kwamaphutha, kuphela ukwazi imithetho ethile.

KuRussia wanamuhla kunezibikezelo ezingaphezu kwezingu-70. Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke izipelingi ezilawulwa umthetho. Yiziphi izibikezelo zalezi zici, ungafunda ngokubheka amaqembu amathathu amakhulu:

- ukupela isipelingi. Lezi ziyi-prefixes ezingenayo ibhangqa elihlangene. Isibonelo, i-o- (ngemuva kwakho konke, asikho isiqalo sesi- f- noma a-). Lapha ungabandakanya: za-, co-, pa-, po, su-, y-, njalonjalo;

- Izici zokubhala izibikezelo eziphelela ku- "z" noma "c". Lezi ziyi-prefixes njenge-ra- (raz-), nis- (ngezansi-), bes- (ngaphandle-). Uma ngemuva kwesiqalo kukhona i-sonorous consonant, omunye kufanele abhale ekupheleni kwe "z", uma eyisithulu, bese "c";

- Isiqalo nodadewabo pre-. Ukusetshenziswa okungahambisani kwalezi ziqunto kuxhomeke ekuqondeni okuqondile kwencazelo abayifaka egameni.

Yiziphi iziqalo zokuqala

Ama-prefixes ahlukaniswe ngezilimi zaseRussia nezizwe zangaphandle. Okokuqala kufaka:

- ku, ngaphakathi, kusukela, kuya, ngaphandle, ngaphezulu, okungukuthi, izibikezelo, okungaba iziphakamiso;

- i-ne-ne-pra- ayisesebenzi, kodwana itholakale emazwini afana nomlingana, isikhukhula, umkhulu-khulu;

- inter-, post-, out-, eduze-, counter-, uma lezi prefixes kwaba adverbial pretexts, kodwa ekugcineni baba ingxenye yegama.

Okuvela kwamanye amazwe kukhona:

- prefixes encwadini "a" (isiGreki): antipopular, okubi, archival;

- counter-, de-, dis-, re-, ultra-, ex-, trans-, extra- (Latin): counteroffensive, ukuvuselela, ukungafaneleka, regression, ultrafilter, ex-iqhawe;

- u-, ev- (ev-) - iziqephu zokuqala zesiGreki ngencazelo "okwamanje". Isibonelo, i-e-angelia (umyalezo weqiniso), u-bacteria (amabhaktheriya afanele);

- des (isiFulentshi): ukungahlehlisi kahle, ukungaziphathi kahle.

Zombili amakhowe kanye nezinsiza zinesiqalo o-

Ngokuvamile asicabangi ukuthi luhlobo luni lwezingqungquthela ezikhona ngamazwi. Futhi kanjani ngosizo lwabo incazelo yokuqala ishintsha. Isibonelo, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi yisiphi "isitshalo". Ake sengeze isiqalo sokuqala o nesisulu -ok. Ngenxa yalokho, sithola igama elithi "hackney". Ungacabangi ukuthi lena i-mushroom ekhula ngesiqu. Ukuqonda kwangempela leli gama kunikezwa yisiqalo o-, okusho ukusakazeka kwesenzo okuzungezile okuthile. Ngakho amakhowe akatholakali esitsheni, kodwa azungeze.

Uma ukhumbule ngephutha, iphutha, ukungaqondisi kahle, noma ukuqondisa, ungabona ngokushesha ukuthi isiqalo o-sinomqondo owodwa - isibonakaliso senzo esingalungile, esingenangqondo. Futhi uma ulalela amagama: i-fragment, u-cigarette butt, i-stub, i-stub, khona-ke isisho esisha sesiqalo esifanayo siyacaca - inhlayiyana yento, etholakale ngemuva kokuthinta okuthile kuyo.

Uyini umehluko emkhatsini we- pre-and

Ukuze ubhale kahle lezi zibikezelo udinga ukuqonda ngokucacile incazelo yamazwi asetshenziswa kuwo. Ukuqhathanisa nokukhanda okungcono, itafula

Vala ngomsindo, kodwa uhlukile ngokubhala

Kukhona amagama lapho isiqalo (pri) sithwala umthwalo omkhulu we-semantic, futhi lapha kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphutha, ngaphandle kwalokho incazelo izoshintsha ngokuphelele. Ungakwazi ukufika kuphela endaweni ethile nento ethile, kodwa hlala-kusho ukuthi usuvele ukhona. Isibonelo, ukufika ngesitimela uye esiteshini, kodwa hlala ngokunganaki emotweni.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zalezi zibili ezizwakalayo ngolimi lwesiRussia. Qonda isipelingi sabo esifanele, ungakwazi kuphela ulimi lwesiRussia: yiziphi iziqalo ezikulesi sisho nalokho okushiwo, futhi okunye okunye. Khona-ke izenzo "ukubuka" (indawo yokuhlala) futhi "ukudelela" (ukunganakwa, ukunganaki) akudideki ekhanda lami.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ngokukodwa ukuthi umamukeli yilokho okudingekayo, futhi umlandeli uthatha omunye umuntu isipiliyoni, isikhundla. Ungabeka okuthile odongeni, kodwa kufanele uguqe ngaphambi kokufanele ukuhlonishwa. Uma umkhiqizo unconywa ukuba umise, uzothola kuphela umngane, amaphupho, izinhloso. Kungenzeka ukuzenza sengathi iwindi noma umnyango kuphela, futhi amaphupho nemibono bayasebenza.

Okuncane kakhulu ngokupela isipelingi

Ngolimi lwethu kuneziqu zokuqala ezahlukaniswa negama nge-hyphen. Kunezintathu kuphela zazo: ngaphakathi, (ku-) nakwezinye. Ingabe izithasiselo -i-ke, -kki, -u, -u, -oh - lesi siqalo siyi: ubuwula, ngendlela yaso, ku-Volga, ngesi-hare. Ezimangalisini ngaphandle kwesimemezelo i-hyphen ibhaliwe: ezinye, ngandlela-thile. Amagama angeniso ahlelwe kanje: "okwesithathu", "okwesibili", "ngokusobala".

Kunomthetho owodwa owodwa ohlobene nama-prefixes futhi ngokuvamile okhohliwe ukusebenzisa encwadini, eqondiswa kuphela ngokubiza okulodwa. Lokhu kukhethwa kwamakholomu "futhi" noma "noma" s "kulandela isiqalo. Kulesi simo, isipelingi asihlobene nalokho okushiwo yi-prefixes, kodwa ukuthi iyiphi incwadi okuzoqala ngayo impande. Lokhu kusebenza kuwo wonke amagama "futhi": ukudlala, ukusesha, umlando, okubalulekile, umqondo, njll.

Uma isiqalo sibonakala kuzo, ukuphela kwayo okuyi-consonant, ke "s" ibhalwe emva kwayo. Isibonelo: ukudlala, ukuthola, ukubhala ngaphambili, ukungabi nemithetho. Kukhona okungafani kulo mthetho:

- Amagama anzima: imishini yezemidlalo, isikhungo sokufundisa;

- ukukhokha;

- prefixes of super- and inter-: okuthakazelisayo, interinstitutional;

- prefixes angaphandle: counterplay, subinspector, post-impressionism.

Sizame ukugxila emaphuzu abalulekile empilweni yeziduduzi, ngokuphathelene nezincazelo zabo nokupela isipelingi, ngoba le morpheme encane inencazelo enkulu.