Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin: Biography, nohlu lwamabhuku amaqiniso athakazelisayo

iminyaka engu-87 yokuphila kwabantu ndawonye inkathi yonke. Wakhulela emasikweni nezincwadi zakudala, wayezame kubonise ezincwadini zabo, uhlobo olusha iqhawe, owazalwa ngo izimo zomlando ezahlukene. Ngo inoveli yakhe eyinhloko, wakhulela izizukulwane eziningana, ukuze ifunde kusuka kuye akuyona ukuzinikela ngemibono ukuze naletintfo nemiqondo yokuhle iqiniso ubungani, ukuphikelela ekutheni ifeze nangokuhlonipheka ezivamile, okuyinto ngokwayo Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin wahlala eqotho izinikele umsebenzi wokubhala, nasekuphileni.

"Ngicabanga ukuthi wawukwazi umfana ..."

WayeyiZwi ingane encane kunawo wonke waba emkhayeni omkhulu umculi lempi Alexander Abramovich Zilber, owakhonza Omsk Infantry Regiment. Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin wazalwa ngo entwasahlobo ka-1902, lapho iningi lomkhaya iminyaka engaphezu kuka-5 abahlala Pskov. 6 Zilber Ingabe zonke izingane onekhono, kamuva ukufinyelela eziphakeme sina hhayi kuphela umculo kodwa futhi isayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Alexander waba umqambi abavelele umqhubi, ubani owayephambili mbumbulu nokusakazwa kamuva, Elena - musicologist, Leo - umsunguli wonke Soviet esikoleni yesayensi yezokwelapha Virology.

Ukuhlolisisa yefa nabanengqondo futhi kwezobuciko ngenxa yokuphila ikusasa lezingane Kapellmeister Zilber kakhulu ukweletwa kunina - Anne Grigorevne. Wayengumngane wopiyano, owaphothula eMoscow Conservatory, kahle abafundile abanomqondo ovulekile, okwakwenza endlini yabo endaweni ethandwa okuxhumana Progressive Youth wesifundazwe Pskov. Kusobala ukuthi ushukunyiswa yiwo umbhali esizayo yasheshe wethulwa ukufunda.

umbhali Izintandokazi - Stevenson

Waba knigoglotatelem iyavuleka inqwaba yezincwadi izakhiwo ezahlukene: zamaqhawe Andersen kanye Perrault, izincwadi Dickens futhi Viktora Gyugo, imisebenzi zabuna isiRashiya, adventure amanoveli ka Fenimore Cooper kanye Aimard, izindaba Sherlock Holmes kanye Iphephandaba izincwadi okuncane mayelana abaphangi esihle abaseshi. Njengoba kamuva owakhumbula Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin, ngokukhethekile bathandile Robert Stevenson, wamshaya ikhono nilidle ukunakwa ngaphandle reserve, esebenzisa "amandla amazwi bamba, obeletha isimangaliso yobuciko."

Ngaphandle unina, owanikwa ukuthuthukiswa izingane eziningi ukunakwa, idumela elihle umfana waba umzalwane osemdala Leo. Indoda yaba nethonya elikhulu phezu okuthandwa kwezincwadi umbhali esizayo, futhi bagxilisa kuye uthando izincwadi, waba umngane futhi ekilasini Leo - Yuri Tynyanov - kamuva umhlaziyi abadumile etemibhalo umbhali, umbhali wencwadi "Okwesibili uLieutenant Kizhe", "Kuchle" nesithi "Ukufa Wazir-Mukhtar" . Tynyanov isikhathi eside ukuba babe nomngane weqiniso Kaverina. Kazi kamuva washada udadewabo Leo futhi Veni - Elena, futhi Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin kamuva washada ekuphileni kwayo okwakuzothatha isikhathi eside ku-Tynianov udade - Lydia.

amanyuvesi zalo

Phakathi nokuqeqeshwa sokuzivocavoca Pskov yesifundazwe, lapho afike achitha khona iminyaka 6 ubudala, inkinga kuphela Kaverina kwaba wezibalo. Nge izikhathi zakhe esafunda esikoleni esiphakeme uzama ukubhala izinkondlo, ngaleso sikhathi Kwakuvamile ukuba izinsizwa engqondweni zezenhlalakahle.

Kaverina ebuntwaneni iphela ngo-1918 emva ukuthunjwa Pskov amasosha aseJalimane, futhi izifundo zesikole esiphakeme eMoscow. Kukhona engena eyunivesithi. Wabe esethuthela enhlokodolobha - Petrograd. Lapho, ngokusebenzisa Tynianov, lisondela nge abalobi abaningi abadumile - Shklovskii, E. Schwartz, Sun Ivanov, et al. Izikhathi izincwadi, e prosody ethile, Kaverin futhi waphupha. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, ogama biography isibe ngenxa isibonelo senkonzo ongenabugovu kwezincwadi isiRashiya, wathola sezifundo zokuqala kanzima endleleni. Ononya kakhulu endalweni yakhe olusankondlo wazibonisa Osip Mandelstam: "Kusuka kubantu abafana nawe, izinkondlo kumele avikelwe!".

Inkondlo seliphelile, Kaverin futhi enquma azinikele isayensi. Uya Istfil Petrograd University futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo i legatsha Arab Institute of Living Oriental Izilimi.

Eyokuqala umbhali isipiliyoni

Futhi okwamanje unqobe ukunxanela zokubhala Kaverin awuzange fated. Ngolunye usuku emva luhlolo abazinikezele Lobachevskii ithiyori, wabona poster ye- umncintiswano wokubhala, aphethwe zeNdlu Abalobi. kwemizuzu eyishumi, okuyinto wathatha eya endlini, ngaleso sikhathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi Kaverin ebulalayo, ukukhomba izici eziyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe. Yena enquma ukuya temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba futhi ezindla indaba yakhe, lizokuba yingxenye yemidlalo mncintiswano.

Okuhlangenwe nakho prosaic lokuqala Kaverina ngokuthi "Axiom nanye" kwaphawulwa kuphela umklomelo wesithathu. Isamba ruble 3,000 kuphela eyathatha eziyisithupha toffee - imali devalued ngakho ngo-1920, kodwa kwaba imali yakhe yokuqala tetemibhalo, impumelelo yakhe yokuqala njengendlela umlobi. Mayelana naye njalo wakhumbula Kaverin. Veniamin Aleksandrovich - Biography, uhlu lwezincwadi eshicilelwe emhlabeni wonke, baba ubufakazi elilinganiselwa eliphezulu umsebenzi wakhe futhi talent - kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku eziyisithupha zikhunjulwe toffee.

"Serapion Abafowethu"

Februwari 1, 1921, emhlanganweni wokuqala emjikelezweni tetemibhalo, ngokuthi "Serapion abazalwane." Emihlanganweni kamuva ubuhanjelwe eziningi "nabo" nabalandeli, kodwa isakhiwo okukakhenoni kwaba njalo: Lev Luntz, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Ilya Gruzdev Nikolay Nikitin, Elena Polonskaya, Nikolai Tikhonov, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Slonimsky, uKonstantin Fedin. Elinye lamalungu unomphela inhlangano baba Kaverin. Veniamin Aleksandrovich, omisebenzi yakhe waqala ngaleso sikhathi ukuba avele njalo cindezela bese wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo emihlanganweni. Wahlala ethembekile kuze kube "ubuzalwane" futhi izimiso zokudala wamemezela wabathanda kwaze kwaba sekupheleni - Kaverin futhi engamashumi amahlanu kamuva, kwasho ukuqala "Serapion Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo" - Feb 1 - njengoba iholidi ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Futhi lezi zimiso zazivamile ngaleso sikhathi. kakhulu Igama, waboleka ngu obaba abaqamba mbuthano ukuqoqwa letimfisha zabuna ka-German Romanticism Ernest Teodora Amadeya Hoffmann, wakhuluma ngokungabi nandaba okuphelele ezombusazwe. Kulolu qoqo okukhulunywa umphakathi tetemibhalo, okuthiwa yokudumisa unkom 'idlayodwa edume yobuKristu futhi Serapion ezincisha injabulo, futhi esimemezelweni ukubaluleka eziyinhloko zomsebenzi kwezincwadi izinga lakhe, ngaphandle kokubheka emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo ukubukwa zezombusazwe nombhali, kwaba ngonyaka wesithathu amandla Soviet cishe a ukucasuka.

isikhathi unonya

Ngokushesha ngo "abafowabo" baba naivete kucace ukuthi ziyini izisusa zabo ezinhle. umehluko ngemibono phakathi kwabo baqala ukuvela zonke ngokucace kakhudlwana. "I baseNtshonalanga" - Luntz, Kaverin, Slonim - ibekwe ngaphezu kwamanye indaba, adventure izinhlobo, "impumalanga iphiko" - Zoshchenko, Sun Ivanov - ethambekele abakuchaza ngayo abantu Motifs. Umahluko kulokho izinto eziza kuqala etemibhalo ekuqaleni akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa kulondolozwe ubunye zokudala futhi banobungane, kodwa ngaphansi amagalelo enamandla ukugxeka nokuphila ezimweni esemthethweni futhi yawa.

Isikhathi ishanelwe 'abafowabo' ezinhlangothini ezahlukene, okwenza abanye abaphikisi oyinhloko. Luntz ngo-1924, lona lishone kabuhlungu ekuseni; Ivanov, Slonim, Nikitin baba bemagange ukuhlabelela le bokubanga emzabalazweni zokuguqula umbuso; Tikhonov futhi Fedin kamuva matasa izikhundla eziphezulu ku-Union of Soviet Abalobi, isandla usabambe intambo party zingawuhawukeli iyiphi ephikisayo. Lapho, emva 1946 ngaphansi nengcindezi enamandla kokugcinwa ngemibono kwaba Zoshchenko, kuphela omunye "Serapion Abafowethu" ukumsekela futhi wamgcina ubudlelwane efudumele - Veniamin Kaverin. Ekugcineni wayenqamule ubuhlobo bakhe Fedin, lapho ngo-1968 akazange avumele kushicilelwa "Umdlavuza Lesigceme" uSolzhenitsyn.

Ukusebenza kanzima kanye nobuqotho bukaJesu kwaze kwaba izimiso

Ngo "serapionovskie" izikhathi umsunguli izincwadi yesigaba sabasebenzi Maxim Gorky kuqashelwe ukuthi omunye wabalobi abanamakhono kakhulu asemasha - Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. "Captains Amabili" (1940-1945) - inoveli, okuyinto ikakhulu komculo igama lalobhalako, - ngokuvumelana amahemuhemu, uStalin wayejabula kakhulu, futhi yakwamukela yokunikeza Kaverina ngo-1946 Stalin Prize, ngemva kokukhululwa kwe-incwadi yesibili mayelana adventures Sani Grigorieva. ukuthandwa Omkhulu wayejabula lapho "Wishes" (1935-1936) kanye "Vula Book" (1953-1956). Phakathi nempi, Kaverin ubekhona eNorthern Fleet, okuyiwona yena yanikezelwa Order of Red Star.

Mhlawumbe wonke lo iye yasiza Kaverin ukugwema ekujezisweni, ezifana labo kwavele umfowabo omdala Leo, eziningi ucwaningo yayo emkhakheni Virology olwenziwa ngesikhathi emakamu. Stalin incwadi icela ukuba adedelwe sasayinwa futhi Kaverin. ukugxekwa Esemthethweni hit ngokuphindaphindiwe umbhali, isola incwadi yakhe apolitical nokuzijabulisa.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, umbhali sangabadalula inkolelo. Waba khona zinyatheliswe emaphephandabeni Anthology "Literary eMoscow" (1956), i-iziphathimandla party uvinjelwe. Kaverin wenqaba esidlangalaleni iqhaza ukushushiswa uBoris Pasternak ngo-1958, wanikeza incwadi evikela Sinyavsky noDaniyeli, elwela ukushicilelwa amabhuku UMikhail Bulgakov futhi uSolzhenitsyn.

Ifa kumlobi womuntu

Mhlawumbe iziphathimandla olusemthethweni kwaba elula ukuphetha umbhali wakhe kusofa ayinayo nomthelela omkhulu ukwazi mass kanye izingqondo ngabanye abafundi. Kodwa umbono onjalo angeke njengomuntu onokwethenjelwa, unikezwa ivolumu kanye nekhwalithi Kaverin ebhaliwe.

"Captains Amabili" kuphela uma ukuphila komlobi zibhaliwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-70, futhi "incwadi evulekile 'yabo wathwebula ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukufunda abantu bazi izinto ezifana nokuthi "Ummangaleli, noma kusihlwa Vasilevsky Isiqhingi" (1928), "Umngane elingaziwa" (1957), "ngazimbili Eziyisikhombisa ngingcolile!" (1962), "i-Portrait Double" (1963), "O. Senkovskiy (Baron Brambeus) "(1929, 1964)," Ngaphambi kwesibuko "(1972) kanye nabanye.

He is nombhali eziningi tindzaba letimfisha kanye tindzaba, inqwaba yezingane inganekwane. A umzila ekhethekile kwesokunxele izinkumbulo zakhe, ikakhulu incwadi "Epilogue" (1979-1989), eyahlelwa lapho ayesebenzela kuze amahora lokugcina ngaphambi kokuhamba kwakhe, owenzeka ngo-May 1989. Kodwa ngisho miqulu angakutshela zonke ngokuphila Veniamina Aleksandrovicha Kaverina. Ubuso omlobi futhi indoda kweqiniso igcinwa kanye Umlando wabantu ababephila emashumini eminyaka kamuva, nobukhulu bayo ithalente, njengoba kwaphawula u-abagxeki abaningi etemibhalo abafundi abavamile Kusafanele ukuhlola yangempela.