Uyini kuvulandi, futhi kungani sasidingeka?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, yeka kuvulandi ulula. Lokhu isici lathumela, esetshenziswa abantu kusukela ezinsukwini eGrisi lasendulo. Uma ucabanga ukuthi akaphindange wambona, nenze iphutha. Thatha look at the yesimanje eyiphepha Russian namahlelo $ 100, ngakolunye uhlangothi, elibonisa isakhiwo we Bolshoi Theatre. Phambili amakholomu eziyisishiyagalombili, ebekiwe umqhele enophahla elingunxantathu, lapho statue Apollo ku Quadriga usebenza Klodt - lena kuvulandi. Futhi lokho cishe kuphi futhi nini benza lesi sici, lathumela ezinye izakhiwo ezidumile kuhlobisa ke, zama ukukutshela kulesi sihloko.

Kuyini lokhu?

Igama elithi "Umpheme" lisuselwa porticus Latin, okusho "igalari". Portico bokwakha - ingxenye ophumile isakhiwo ezakhiwe amalungu enjalo ukuzikhandla ekusekeleni lowo ukusekela ophahleni, efana amakholomu, nemengamo futhi pilasters. Ngokuvamile, it is iphahlwe ebodeni ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo kanye ivuliwe ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngaphezulu amaqembu yangaphandle. Ngakho, lesi sici inezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: amakholomu, esekelwe entablature futhi pediment zabo, Okuthwesa umqhele womusa wonke isakhiwo. Uyini kuvulandi? Izithombe abekwe ngezansi, ubonisa kahle lokhu.

Ngokokuqala ngqá kuvulandi senziwa abakhi ngesiGreki. Babesebenzisa ke hhayi kuphela njengoba isici yezakhiwo, kodwa futhi njengoba isakhiwo azimele wodwa. Kusukela kuvulandi yamaGreki asendulo wabolekwa futhi kamuva asetshenziswa ngempumelelo abakhi eRoma yasendulo. Kusukela lapho-ke zasakazekela kulo lonke izwe kanye baba nomthelela omkhulu ku amasiko amaningi aseYurophu. Iqiniso lokuthi kuvulandi enjalo lalaziwa Europe ephakathi, lapho ehlotshisiwe le mbumbulu kwamasonto nezigodlo. ukuthandwa Omkhulu wajabulela ku-European classicism XVIII-XIX eminyaka.

Kungani sasidingeka?

Architects zisebenzisa lesi sici ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene:

• sokubhalisa eyinhloko yokungena isakhiwo;
• njengoba isixha esiyinhlanganisela phakathi elingaphakathi isivuno ngokwesiko;
• njengoba element yokugcina ngekwendzawo central eksisi eqonde ngqo esigodlweni Ensemble.

izinhlobo

Ukukhuluma ngalokho a kuvulandi, kubalulekile ukuphawula inani elikhulu zinhlobo zayo. Uma ungenalo bangene imininingwane yezakhiwo kanye nokwakhiwa, ngezigaba kakhulu elula esekelwe inombolo yamakholomu esetshenziswa endabeni ethile.

Four ikholomu, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, has enezinyawo ezine. It eyayisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi futhi sasendulo saseRoma ekwakhiweni amathempeli nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ezine-ikholomu kuvulandi e izakhiwo - kuba enyakatho e-White House e-United States.

Six-ikholomu Doric ehlotshisiwe mbumbulu kwezakhiwo kanjalo nezinhlaka zenkolo ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, ezifana Nethempeli Poseidon eCape Sunium noma ethempelini Concordia e Agrigento. Lolu hlobo kompheme ne wasebenzisa ukuhlobisa ezinye amathempeli isitayela ionic, ezifana Erechtheion e -Athens-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Ngemva kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni ezifundazweni eziseningizimu ye-Italy amaGreki ke lasemukela lesi Etruscans namaRoma. Namuhla, esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu walondoloza Roman kuvulandi ayisithupha columned iyona Mezon Karre French Nimes. Futhi Petersburg, emadokodweni Admiralty esibheke iNeva yashayisa unqenqema, ungabona amasampula classical Russian salezi zici yezakhiwo.

Octastyle - ke porticos sakhiwa kwemibhoshongo eziyisishiyagalombili. Isetshenziswa ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi classical, abasakwazi ezingavamile, kodwa zisekhona izakhiwo ezifana ne izakhi idatha, njengoba iSonto LamaRoma onkulunkulu, noma Athene Parthenon. Lolu hlobo imipheme yilezo kuhlobisa olungaphambili lwesonto Bolshoi Theatre eMoscow esiGungwini isakhiwo Petersburg.

Decastyle - okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, kuvulandi we okusha Hermitage Petersburg University College eLondon ngo eziyishumi amakholomu-izisekelo.

City imipheme - Bologna

Uma yonke eminye imizi kanye namazwe ezaziphase isakhiwo, ehlotshiswe lesi sici, kudingeka ubheke, e Bologna, Italy, ukuthi kuvulandi ezinjalo, noma yisiphi isakhamuzi uyazi nangenjabulo ukukubonisa indlela ukuya enkabeni yedolobha. Mayelana 38 km zokudlala elise nje isikhungo esingokomlando, futhi cloisters, imipheme idlule emzini. Ngempela ezithakazelisayo indaba kakhulu ngokubukeka kwabo. Ngo-medieval Bologna kwaba inkinga ngempela elibukhali izindawo zezimboni kanye commercial. Izikhulu ngesikhathi ekhuphuka nge ngendlela kunalokho elihlakaniphile aphume isimo: banquma ukwandisa endaweni ewusizo sezakhiwo ngenxa ukususwa njengengxenye yensimu emgwaqeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo ezinjalo zamabhizinisi ezehlukene kanye nezimboni ezindaweni ezivulekile yabakhanga bendawo nezivakashi. Ekuqaleni, nemengamo yabo isekelwa imishayo yokhuni, abese esikhundleni nge zemabula itshe izisekelo. Abaningi babo babe hhayi kuphela ukubaluleka yezakhiwo kodwa futhi zomlando.