US imali: iphepha zamadola zemali

I dollar namuhla lwemali ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Le yunithi yemali eyaziwa kuyo yonke indawo. Hlobo luni imali e-United States uye manje? Kwenzeka kanjani kusuka?

Umlando nesenzakalo

Konke kwaqala nge thaler, noma kunalokho "yoahimstalerov". Yileso igama zesiliva sisuka edolobheni okwami ka Jáchymov (yesimanje Czech Republic). Igama ngokushesha abelethwe abaseSweden, British, Dutch, amaNtaliyane Flemings, ukulungisa umsindo ngendlela yakhe. Ngakho, i-dollar ngo waseBrithani wamakoloni Melika ekuqaleni ngokuthi uhlamvu lwemali Spanish. Ngenxa zezimali self-USD amenyezelwa 1785.

Iphepha imali ngendlela izibopho uvele ngaphezulu Massachusetts e 1690. Phinda ezikhishwe nabo-1703, futhi ngemva kweminyaka eminingana iphepha imali sisabalale-United States. Phakathi nempi sokuzibusa ngisho uvele "dollar Continental," okuyinto waxosha kwegazi metal zemali.

Inkinga eyinhloko imali enjalo yayiwukuthi ukwehla zabo ngokushesha. Kakade ngawo-1781 lwemali yehliswa ngo-40 izikhathi. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva umthetho ku ukuqinisa okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni imali iphepha igolide noma isiliva. Ngo 1792 kwakuqoshwe lokuqala olwenziwa uhlamvu lwemali US.

umlando wanamuhla

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo izinyathelo ezithathwe nguhulumeni, imali American aluqinile futhi ejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1861 kukhona uhlobo olulodwa lwemali, okuyinto uphathiswe ukunyatheliswa American Bank Inothi Co. amanothi Ikhishwe ngo namahlelo 5, 10, 20 zamaRandi babe luhlaza futhi ngokushesha yase yaziwa ngokuthi "greenbacks".

Ngo-1913, i-US imali ekhiqizwa ngokukhethekile wadala le njongo Federal Reserve Banks. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, i-dollar zigcinwe ukuzinza. Waphoqwa siyendayende Yokuwohloka Okukhulu ngo-1933. Nokho, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, indima US ezindabeni zezwe liye landa kakhulu, futhi emazweni zaseYurophu zaqala waqondisa imali American. Dollars kuyosheshe kube lwemali oyinhloko 'Europe ubudala ", displacing ngisho Sterling Pound.

Ngo-1971, i-global reserve lwemali iqala ukuba ukumehlisa futhi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngaleso isinyathelo uMongameli Nixon ukhansele igolide dollar ukusekelwa. I-US lwemali kuye kwadingeka kakade ukuthembeka ezithile, ngakho ukwehla akazange kuthinte isimo salo zomhlaba. Kusengenzeka ukuthi kwesekelwe ngokulondoloza.

dollar namuhla

Okwamanje, i-dollar kuthathwa njengesibikezelo esiyiso kazwelonke wase-United States lwemali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho ngekhulu XIX-XX kwaba lwemali elizibekela nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, Canada yamemezela imali yayo kazwelonke njengoba ekuseni njengoba 1857. Manje imali US has isimo kazwelonke e-El Salvador, Panama, Palau, Bermuda, Marshall, Virgin Islands, i-East Timor, nokunye .. Kwamanye amazwe, dollar ngokufanele lisetshenziswe parallel lwemali kazwelonke, isibonelo, ngaphambi kwaba eZimbabwe.

I-Federal Reserve System yamiswa wadala ngo-1913, lapho namuhla unesibopho ukukhululwa US imali wokunyathelisa. Bills zemali akhiqizwa ngokuhambisana nezidingo wezwe, nangale elamukelayo cishe isigamu semali zamadola ezinyathelisiwe. 1% kuphela imali eyenziwe alikho kutungeletela. share sengonyama banknotes ephrintiwe ngenhloso esikhundleni amakhophi ezigugile.

imali yamaphepha

Zonke izikweletu, eyayibonakala esikhishwe ngo-1861, namanje kubhekwa evumelekile futhi esemthethweni. Iphepha imali ikhishwe US namahlelo 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, amadola 100. Bakhululekile ukujikisa reverse.

Kukhona izikweletu e namahlelo 500, 1000, noma ngisho engu-10 000. Kodwa ikhishiwe ngenxa ngokuphazamisa iyasebenza. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindleko imali yamaphepha enjalo endalini iphakeme kakhulu kunanoma ubuso value abo. Yemaphepha e namahlelo $ 10 000 e inzuzo nje phezu 100. Ngo-1934, i-Reserve Bank United States Nokho wakhipha Bill zamadola 100 000, wasebenzisa kuphela ukuze ukhokhe zingakapheli Federal Reserve System.

Kasibili zonke izikweletu kukhona usayizi ofanayo. Isisindo sawo imayelana 1 igremu. Ngo-1928 yasungulwa umqondo jikelele ukubukeka dollar. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imali US ibekwe ekumeni of omongameli nabezombusazwe ezibalulekile. Ngakho, ngo-izikweletu ubonisa US uNgqongqoshe lokuqala Ezezimali Hamilton, John Marshall - Usihlalo eNkantolo Ephakeme. On the eyiphepha ngo 1 dollar imelelwa umongameli wokuqala wase-United States Dzhordzh Vashington.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi i-imali yamaphepha kazwelonke zibonisa izimpawu ezibalulekile ngokomlando yezwe. Ohlangothini reverse of the eyiphepha ngo 1 US dollar ibekwe Isiqubulo main: "Sithembele KuNkulunkulu" on the bill kule $ 5 Lincoln Memorial, Ministry of isakhiwo Ezezimali okuboniswe 10, futhi e-White House - ukuze dollar angu-20. I eyiphepha ezingavamile kakhulu kwegazi - $ 2, nesenzo ngemvume Declaration of Independence-United States uvezwa ezinsikeni zawo reverse.

zemali

uhlamvu ngalunye US, kuye ngenani okuzisholo, inezidingo igama layo ezivamile. Okwamanje kukhona zemali in kwegazi 1 cent, okuyinto ngenye ngokuthi "penny" amasenti uhlamvu 5 (nickel), amasenti 10 (lutho), 25 amasenti (kvoter), $ 1 (dollar). Kukhona futhi zemali 50 amasenti ngaphansi kwegama "Isigamu." Basuke akhiqizwa ingxenye encane, mhlawumbe ngoba abaqoqi.

US zemali ayenza lezi kuthatha mints ambalwa e-San Francisco, Denver, West Point, e-New Orleans futhi Philadelphia. Ngamunye wabo kushiya ziphawulwe beech British P, S, W, O, D.

Uhlamvu lwemali lokuqala US kusukela 1792, olwenziwa ngegolide nangesiliva, e isilinganiso 1 kuya 15. Le zemali kwadingeka ukuba eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "Freedom" kanye nezimpawu ezihlobene nale umqondo ngempela. Ngemuva yafakwa ukhozi. Manje kuphela zemali collectible wenza of amatshe ayigugu, isetshenziselwa lonke zinc, nickel ingxubevange lethusi.

zemali ezibizayo futhi ezingavamile

Omunye Empeleni e 1853 sokucasuka ukubukeka zemali 3 amasenti, okuyinto kubhekwa ezingavamile. Kuyinto kunani enjalo liye lehla intengo isitembu sokuposa. Zabuya ngo-1889, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola.

Ngo-1848 e-California iqala "Gold Rush", ngakho isinqumo ukukhulula uhlamvu entsha igolide 1 no-20 zamaRandi 1849. Emva ukuthi "Indawo Ephansi Omkhulu" igolide lakhishwa kwegazi, futhi eqolo kulezi manje sezibhekwa njengezindawo ukuba $ 20 1933 model ngonyaka.

Ngemva ke zemali eqolo American ezibhekwa dollar lesiliva 1804 edition, okuyinto ethengisiwe ku- $ 4 million, kanye takzhe5 amasenti ngo-1913, wakhipha amakhophi amahlanu kuphela (ngalinye elikwazi kubiza cishe izigidi ezingu-4).