UPelo NgokweNgqikithi: uhlu lamazwe

UPelo NgokweNgqikithi - Association of Independent States, okubandakanya Britain futhi abaningi dominions yayo yangaphambili, amakoloni futhi protectorates. Amazwe okuqondene Union, akudingeki wezombangazwe, omunye phezu komunye. isisekelo salo sabekwa ngo-1887, ngo-1926 bamukela isiMemezelo SikaBalfour futhi lelo yilungelo eliqinisekiswe isimo Commonwealth Disemba 11, 1931 (yoMthetho Westminster). Ngemva kwalokho-Commonwealth sasifana inyunyana lamazwe, ngokuhlanganiswa UK inyunyana siqu.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Kwase kubekwe isisekelo ekhulwini XIX futhi namathathu banesifo esibi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX-th kwavunyelwana isimiso belinganisa amalungelo uMbuso iLungu inhlangano. Ngokusho idokhumenti ngo-1931, le nkosi UK iyinhloko wonke amazwe ukuba aqaphele Statute of Westminster futhi ilungu British Commonwealth of Nations.

Ngasikhathi sinye, idokhumenti usungula isimo esemthethweni Dominions, kanye baba esikhundleni izixazululo izingqungquthela ngo-1926 nango-1930. Ngenxa yalokho, i-dominions zaqashelwa de empeleni waba uthi ezimele, alinganayo ngokuphelele neBrithani, imithetho yase-England nase ayikwazanga zisebenza kubo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Ngo-1947, isimo sashintsha nge ekuguquleni India ezweni republic ukwehluleka kulandela ukuqaphela le nkosi ikhanda British zombuso kwadingeka ngokuphelele ubukeza izisekelo kasoseshini. Shintsha abantu ngegama nenjongo kwenhlangano - ke sekuyinto ehamba phambili ohambweni yobuntu, amaphrojekthi ezemfundo, njll ...

Okwamanje kufakwe Commonwealth amazwe nezizwe (inombolo 53) abonise indlela ehlukile ukuze ukuphathwa isimo. Kulaba, 16 kuphela - Commonwealth zoMbuso, ukuqaphela eBritish Queen Elizabeth II kweNhloko Yombuso.

States esibophweni

Indlela isimo esikhona ngekhulu xxi Sekube isikhathi eside. State ijoyina nangaphakathi sobunye ubulungu imiswe okwesikhashana futhi wavuselela (isibonelo ngokukhethekile engokomfanekiso lapha Fiji, ogama ubulungu imisiwe ngenxa yezinkinga nimunye intando yeningi kuleli zwe) yakhe.

Nokho Process sisaphuma namanje, ukwakha nokushintsha Commonwealth yesimanje. Uhlu amazwe unikezwa ngokwalokho ulwazi kwi website esemthethweni:

• Antigua and Barbuda;
• Bangladesh;
• Botswana;
• Canada;
• Fiji (abuyiselwe njengelungu eligcwele kusukela ngo-September 26, 2014);
• Guyana;
• Kenya;
• Malawi;
• Malta;
• Namibia;
• Nigeria;
• Rwanda;
• Seychelles;
• Solomon Islands;
• Saint Kitts and Nevis;
• Tonga;
• Uganda;
• Vanuatu;
• Australia;
• Barbados;
• Brunei;
• Cyprus;
• Ghana;
• India;
• Kiribati;
• Malaysia;
• Mauritius;
• Nauru;
• Pakistan;
• St Lucia;
• Sierra Leone;
• South Africa;
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;
• Trinidad and Tobago;
• United Kingdom;
• Zambia;
• Bahamas;
• Belize;
• Cameroon;
• Dominica;
• Grenada;
• Jamaica;
• Lesotho;
• Maldives;
• Mozambique;
• New Zealand;
• Papua New Guinea;
• Samoa;
• Singapore;
• Sri Lanka;
• Swaziland;
• Tuvalu;
• Tanzania.

Afakwe Commonwealth of Nations abahlanganisiwe nje izivumelwano kanye zomculo, kodwa futhi ngamasiko futhi kube yinto: emazweni 11, i-English ingenye izilimi ezisemthethweni, futhi kwezinye 11 - Ulimi olusemthethweni kuphela.

Uhulumeni we-Commonwealth of Nations

Njengoba kushiwo kwi website esemthethweni, kuba wabantu abahlangene ngokuzithandela, emazweni ezindinganisweni ezifanayo. UQueen Elizabeth II kuyinto ngokusemthethweni Umphathi we-British Commonwealth of Nations (uhlu ilungu amazwe lokhu inhlangano ingenye esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni), i-okuphatha zamanje inikeza Secretariat.

Ukuma ukusatshalaliswa control ngaphakathi Union kanje: 32 uthi republic, 5 - ohlanga kazwelonke, futhi 16 ziqaphele Umphathi we-British Queen, emelelwe ezweni ngalinye uhulumeni Jikelele. Nokho, lokho akusho enze noma iyiphi imisebenzi esisemthethweni noma imisebenzi.

Ibhizinisi

Akha Commonwealth of Nations emazweni uhlu iyamangalisa - isimo uhlukaniswe izigaba ezine ezihlukene, ngokuvumelana ngezigaba World Bank (simo ibuyekeziwe ngonyaka ukubonakalisa kazwelonke sesisonke bathola imali ngonyaka odlule). Kulaba, 11 ne engenayo ephezulu, 14 - eliphezulu phakathi engenayo, 18 - ngezansi, futhi ngokwesilinganiso, 10 - aphansi-IRR.

amazwe Union kukhona isahola ezimbonini eziningi emhlabeni wonke: kwabantu abayizibonelo - zemayini namatshe ayigugu nezinsimbi yelwati kanye nezokuvakasha.

kumiswa Commonwealth

Amazwe lokuqala, amalungu inhlangano i-United Kingdom, Australia, eCanada, New Zealand, eNingizimu Afrika. Nabo-Commonwealth of Nations ngo-1931. Pakistan neNdiya bajoyine Union ngo-1947. Sri Lanka - ngo-1948. Ndawonye, akha uhlu lamazwe - amalungu endala kasoseshini.

Ngo-1957 kwangena Ghana.

Ngo sixties, i-British Commonwealth of Nations seluthole kwalokho entsha: union wajoyina Nigeria (1960), Sierra Leone naseTanzania (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya (1963), Zambia (1964 ). Okulandelayo - Guyana, Botswana neLesotho (1966), Swaziland (1968)

Bangladesh bajoyine inhlangano ngo-1972, Papua New Guinea - 1975

Futhi, ekugcineni, uqeda uhlu amazwe Namibia (1990), Mozambique kanye Cameroon (1995), Rwanda (2009)

labantu

Ngokuya labantu Commonwealth of Nations inabantu 2.2 bhiliyoni. Expectedly kuholele India - 1236,7 million. Kude ngemva kwaso kukhona cishe ezingeni elifanayo, basePakistan, Bangladesh kanye Nigeria - 179,2 million no 168,8 kwezigidi ezintathu kuya 154,7 ngokulandelana. Endaweni yesine, Isimanga siwukuthi, United Kingdom (zonke izinombolo kanye nedatha asuka website esemthethweni Commonwealth) - bakhona ngokusho kwezibalo zakamuva abantu abayizigidi 62,8.

Omkhulu endaweni Canada ithatha wonke 34,8 million lwase-Australia ungumnikazi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-23.1.

Impilo yokuphila kanye neminyaka okulindeleke

Kodwa emkhakheni wezempilo kanye nenhlalakahle yabo bonke kulindelekile - aphakeme isilinganiso bempilo e-Australia ne-Singapore (82), Canada ne-New Zealand (ngonyaka 81), UK, iKhupro neMelitha (iminyaka engu-80). Ekugcineni Sierra Leone - engu-45 (kusukela ngomhla ka-2012).

Izwe efanayo kuholela ezingeni zezingane futhi ukufa kwezinsana, kanye nomama (kusukela ngomhla ka-2010-2012.). Nakuba Sierra Leone - ezweni nomunye aphakeme lokuzalwa amazinga e-Commonwealth.

Mozambique kanye Rwanda

Sekungamashumi eminyaka INcwadi Yonyaka sesiwathethe izenzo ehlukahlukene izingxenye namanye amadokhumenti olawula imisebenzi inhlangano ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi awukwazi. Idokodo olulodwa, kanye nomthethosisekelo, akukho. Isisekelo entry ubuhlobo-United Kingdom - endleleni ebulungwini Commonwealth livulekele zamazwe ayengaphansi, protectorates futhi dominions. Nokho, lo mthetho, kuwo wonke umuntu ezimbili: Mozambique, ikoloni wangaphambili isiPutukezi, futhi Rwanda, ikoloni yangaphambili Belgium naseJalimane.

Eyokuqala wabo - omunye amazwe omhlaba ampofu kakhulu. Mozambique - isimo ilungu Commonwealth of Nations "hhayi ilungelo, kodwa ngomusa." Wangena ukubusa ngemva bonke omakhelwane, amalungu inhlangano Ucele eMozambique (lokhu ingenye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma).

Ingemuva simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: emva ukuzimela ngo-1975, izinguquko ezinkulu ziye eyenziwa abaxotshwayo iningi izifiki isiPutukezi. kubheduka impi yombango, ephelezelwa abalimala ezinzima phakathi kwabantu futhi yokufuduka izinombolo elikhulu lababaleki.

Impi yaphela kuphela 1992 - Akumangalisi ukuthi izwe lakithi ngaleso sikhathi ukwehla. Ubulungu e-Commonwealth sisonke kuzuzisa isimo - lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho Rwanda, nakho ephethwe ukuze usinde ezikhathini ezinzima (kuhlanganise kohlanga).

Iqhaza kanye nezinhloso maqondana namalungu aso

Namuhla, amalungu British Commonwealth of Nations ukuthi asebenza ngezindlela ezimbili - ukukhuthaza izimiso kanye nezinkambiso intsandvo yelinyenti kanye ukukhuthazwa ukuthuthukiswa. Kuyinto ngobukhulu, emva-United Nations, umfelandawonye ngamazwe. IsiZulu ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu wobunye esaba, ikakhulukazi manje ukuthi ulimi isibe indlela zokuxhumana ibhizinisi.

Britain nezinye emazweni asethuthukile kuthiwa kwenziwe kohlaka ohambweni zezenhlalakahle ahlukahlukene Union, ukusekela sphere kwezomnotho kanye nezinye. Nakuba ngokomthetho wonke Commonwealth oyilungu zizimele, lolo sizo kunomthelela umphumela benikela it kulabo abayidingayo.

Indima UK ngaphakathi Union

Kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela kumiswa izinhlangano kanye eyengeziwe, indima UK nesimo sengqondo kule nyunyana washintsha. Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-XX-th leminyaka, wayebizwa hhayi kuphela njengoba WaseBrithani. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, eziseqhulwini kwinqubomgomo baye saya eceleni EU, olufana ethembisa kakhulu. Nokho, ekukhanyeni tintfutfuko EU, umqondo ukuqiniswa kanye nokuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane angabukeka ngokuya ezikhangayo, unikezwa makhulu kangakanani uhlu obumba Commonwealth uthi.

Ukweseka lokhu Yiqiniso kungahunyushwa ukuziphatha British maqondana Australia. Kuleli zwe, Abasekeli ifomu republic kahulumeni abe isikhundla enamandla kakhulu, bese ukhuluma mayelana okwesula Commonwealth umsindo njalo.

Ukuvakashelwa Australia kwamalungu umkhaya wasebukhosini eBrithani, kanye lomshado ngo-2011 we-Prince uWilliam Keyt Middlton abaye baba nendima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni isithunzi Windsor lwamakhosi. Kwemenyezelwa 2011 izitatimende bosomaqhinga British, lokhu kuhambela phansi kungenzeka ukuvula Australia ku-republic esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Vakashela ka uQueen Elizabeth II futhi ePrince William, kanye umshado wasebukhosini stoked isithakazelo Australia Nokho, izikhulu nabo basho yomphakathi wase-Australia esikhathini esizayo ngeke alwele ukuba ubalekele amandla indlovukazi, ngisho noma lokhu amandla ufanekisela kuphela.

Esitatimendeni, le FCO wawuthi izinguquko lokubala ubuningi babantu ezweni eyabangela ukuncipha okukhulu kwenani bayizakhamuzi ngandlela-thile uzizwa uxhumano zabo England. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elikhulu labantu ukholelwa ukuthi ukusungulwa republic - Usuqhubekile ubalulekile ekwakhekeni isimo.

Nokho, ezinye kwamanye amazwe e-Commonwealth of Nations, kusekela umbono wokubambisana eduze. iziphakamiso ezinjalo sezivele esivezwayo, kodwa akatholanga iningi ukwesekwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka phambi izifiso ombuso e-United Kingdom.

Amathuba ukuhlanganiswa namanje ongaphakeme - ezingeni ehlukene kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa alikukhuthazi ukukhiqizwa complementarity athuthukile, emazweni amaningi ibe sezingeni leliphasi, ukuncintisana, njengoba nayo iveza izimpahla noma okufanayo. Noma kunjalo, ukwesekwa nenzuzo from esithuthuke kabanzana. Kodwa-ke, ethile sina e-Commonwealth, kubhekwe ukuthi akanawo izindlela eziqinile ukuthonya amalungu ayo - ukuphela kwesixazululo ekumisweni ubulungu enhlanganweni.