Umthelela Photoelectric - yemvelo ka lo mkhuba

Ngo-1887, usosayensi German Hertz wathola umphumela ukukhanya oku ukudedelwa kagesi. Ukutadisha osenyameni inhlansi Hertz wathola ukuthi uma omubi electrode ukukhanyisa elinemisebe oku-ultraviolet, osenyameni kwenzeka ngesikhathi voltage ezansi electrode.

Kwakuthinta luphinde lwathola ukuthi uma wadalula ekukhanyeni i arc kagesi omubi icala ipuleti zensimbi ezixhunywe umcibisholo electroscope electroscope uwela. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi esikhanyayo arc qwembe ilahlekelwa icala yako emibi. Icala omuhle ipuleti lensimbi ukukhanya akaphelelwa.

Ukulahlekelwa emizimbeni metal zikhanyiswa imisebe yokukhanya we negative icala kagesi ibizwa ngokuthi umphumela Photoelectric noma umphumela Photoelectric.

I-physics lokhu mkhuba ibilokhu wafunda kusukela 1888 nabadumile Russian usosayensi A. G. Stoletovym.

Ucwaningo we Photoelectric umphumela eminyaka kwenziwa esebenzisa ukufakwa ehlanganisa lamadiski ezimbili ezincane. I okuqinile zinc ipuleti anezikhala mncane setha thwi emelene nomunye, ukwakha capacitor. ipuleti zayo eziphathelene izinti umthombo zamanje, bese zikhanyiswe ukukhanya kwe-arc kagesi.

Khanyisa ngokukhululekile ngokusebenzisa anezikhala phezu okuqinile zinc disc.

STOLETOV wathola ukuthi uma ipuleti zinc we capacitor exhunywe kwi-pole engakhi umthombo voltage (a cathode), i-galvanometer exhunywe kwi-wesifunda ekuboniseni zamanje. Uma cathode kuyinto anezikhala, khona-ke akukho zamanje. Ngakho, esikhanyayo zinc ipuleti likhipha izinhlayiya omubi icala, okuyinto banesibopho sokuba khona zamanje phakathi kwakhe inetha.

Stoletov, ukutadisha umphumela Photoelectric, yemvelo ka ongakaqaliswa livuliwe, asithathe ngokukweletwa ucwaningo lwakhe amasondo ngezinto ezihlukahlukene: aluminium, ithusi, zinc, isiliva ne-nickel. Ifaka kubo isigxobo engakhi umthombo voltage, ubonakala kanjani ngaphansi isenzo arc phezu kwengungu isitshalo umshayeli ke i kagesi. Lokhu zamanje ubizwa ngokuthi photocurrent.

Ngokwandisa voltage phakathi capacitor amapuleti photocurrent luyanda, ukufinyelela zihlala zinamandla athile enanini layo esiphezulu ebizwa ngokuthi photocurrent ukugcwaliswa.

Kuyaphenywa umphumela Photoelectric, yemvelo ka okuyinto buhlobene eduze ukwencika saturation ukubaluleka photocurrent we elikhanyayo ecucuza ngesenzakalo ipuleti cathode STOLETOV osungulwe umthetho ezilandelayo: ukubaluleka ukugcwaliswa we photocurrent, kuyoba ngqo wakhona qwembe sigameko ukukhanya yokucucuza.

Lo mthetho ubizwa ngokuthi Stoletov.

Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi photocurrent - ukugeleza electron dephula metal ukukhanya.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela umphumela Photoelectric ithole isicelo ebanzi esisebenzayo. Ngakho zadalwa idivayisi, okuncike lesi simanga. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-nama-solar.

Isendlalelo photosensitive - cathode - efaka cishe bonke ubuso engaphakathi ingilazi ingilazi ngaphandle kwefasitela encane esincane ukufinyelela ukukhanya. I anode futhi indandatho wire, kwagcizelela ngaphakathi isitsha. Gilazi - a cleaner.

Uma sixhumana iringi isigxobo omuhle kwebhetri futhi ungqimba photosensitive metal ngokusebenzisa galvanometer nge isigxobo yako emibi ke lapho esehlanganise ungqimba oqeqeshwe ukukhanya umthombo wamanje livela circuit.

Ungavala ibhethri nhlobo, kodwa ke sizobona wamanje, kuphela ebuthaka kakhulu, kusukela kuphela ingxenye encane ukukhanya ukhiphe ama-electron kuyokwehlela phezu wire indandatho - the anode. Ukuze uthuthukise umphumela voltage kudingekile ngokulandelana 80-100.

umphumela Photoelectric, yemvelo ka okuyinto esetshenziswa izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi kungabonakala nasemkhakheni usebenzisa zensimbi. Nokho, abaningi kubo okuyizingane, ezifana bethusi, bensimbi, i-platinum, i-tungsten kuphela nozwelo imisebe ultraviolet. Mere izinsimbi ane-alikhali - potassium, i-sodium ne-cesium, ikakhulukazi - kanye nokuzwelana imisebe ebonakalayo. Futhi asetshenziswa womshini solar amaseli cathodes.